Chapter 5 · Grammar
विशेषण और उसके प्रकार
Adjective — KindsAdjective = वह शब्द जो noun या pronoun की विशेषता (गुण, संख्या, मात्रा) बताए। a tall boy · five books · She is clever.
| प्रकार | पहचान (क्या बताता है) | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Quality (Descriptive) | कैसा? — गुण, रंग, आकार | a good boy · a red rose · an honest man |
| Proper | Proper noun से बना (Capital अक्षर) | Indian food · French wine · Shakespearean drama |
| Quantity | कितना? — मात्रा (uncountable) | some milk · much water · little time · enough rice · the whole day · no money |
| Number — Definite | कितने? — निश्चित संख्या | Cardinal: one, two · Ordinal: first, second · Multiplicative: single, double, triple |
| Number — Indefinite | अनिश्चित संख्या (countable) | many books · few friends · several days · some boys · all men |
| Distributive | एक-एक करके | each boy · every student · either side · neither answer |
| Demonstrative | कौन-सा? — इशारा | this pen · those trees · such people · the same book |
| Interrogative | प्रश्न + noun | What book? · Which pen is yours? · Whose bag is this? |
| Possessive | किसका? (noun के साथ) | my book · your house · their school · its tail |
| Emphasizing | ज़ोर देना | I saw it with my own eyes. · This is the very book I wanted. |
| Exclamatory | आश्चर्य | What a fine day! · What an idea! |
Quantity या Number? बाद का noun गिना न जा सके → Quantity: some milk, enough sugar, all the water. गिना जा सके → Number: some boys, enough books, all men.
Adjective या Pronoun? बाद में noun → Adjective: Each boy got a prize. noun न हो → Pronoun: Each of them got a prize. (this, which, some, many पर भी)
"He drank some water — 'some' is an adjective of —" (Quantity) · "I have some books" (Number) · "Each of them got a prize — 'Each' is a —" (Pronoun) · "I saw it with my own eyes" (Emphasizing) · "Indian food" (Proper) · "Identify the kind: Which road leads to Agra?" (Interrogative)
तुलना की अवस्थाएँ Degrees of Comparison
Positiveसामान्य, तुलना नहीं / बराबरी
Ram is tall. · as tall as
Ram is tall. · as tall as
Comparativeदो में तुलना + than
Ram is taller than Shyam.
Ram is taller than Shyam.
Superlativeदो से अधिक में सबसे + the
Ram is the tallest in the class.
Ram is the tallest in the class.
| नियम | Positive → Comparative → Superlative |
|---|---|
| एक syllable: + er, + est | tall taller tallest · small smaller smallest · great greater greatest |
| अंत में e: + r, + st | wise wiser wisest · large larger largest · brave braver bravest |
| छोटा स्वर + एक व्यंजन: व्यंजन दोगुना | big bigger biggest · hot hotter hottest · thin thinner thinnest · fat fatter fattest |
| व्यंजन + y: y → i | happy happier happiest · easy easier easiest · dry drier driest · heavy heavier heaviest |
| अधिकतर दो+ syllable: more, most | beautiful more beautiful most beautiful · careful · honest · intelligent |
| -ow, -er, -le वाले दो syllable: अक्सर -er | narrow narrower · clever cleverer · simple simpler · gentle gentler |
| Irregular (बिल्कुल अलग रूप) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| good / well → better → best | bad / ill → worse → worst | many / much → more → most | little → less → least |
| late → later / latter → latest / last | old → older / elder → oldest / eldest | far → farther / further → farthest / furthest | fore → former → foremost / first |
Latin Comparatives — than नहीं, to: superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior (+ verb prefer … to, adj. preferable to).
✗ senior than me → ✓ senior to me · ✗ more superior → ✓ superior · ✗ more preferable → ✓ preferable
✗ senior than me → ✓ senior to me · ✗ more superior → ✓ superior · ✗ more preferable → ✓ preferable
Absolute Adjectives — इनकी तुलना नहीं (पहले से पूर्ण): unique, perfect, complete, ideal, entire, universal, round, square, chief, supreme, infinite, eternal.
✗ most unique / more perfect → ✓ unique / perfect · Double comparison भी गलत: ✗ more better, most best
✗ most unique / more perfect → ✓ unique / perfect · Double comparison भी गलत: ✗ more better, most best
सही रूप भरो: hot → hotter (✗ hoter) · dry → drier · good → better · bad → worse → worst · little → least · useful → more useful · simple → simpler
"He is senior ___ me" (to) · "Spot the error: This is the most unique painting / He is more better than me" · "Superlative of far / bad / little" · "Comparative of old used for family members" (elder) · "I prefer tea ___ coffee" (to)
तुलना के ढाँचे Comparison Structures
| ढाँचा | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| as … as (हाँ) · not so / not as … as (नहीं) | He is as tall as I. · He is not so tall as Ram. |
| उसी समूह में: than any other + singular noun | Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. (✗ than any boy · ✓ than all other boys) |
| दो में से: the + comparative + of the two | He is the taller of the two. (✗ the tallest of the two) |
| one of the + superlative + plural noun | Delhi is one of the biggest cities in India. (✗ biggest city) |
| Superlative के बाद in = जगह / समूह (एक इकाई) · of = गिनती वाला समूह | the tallest boy in the class / in India · the best of all · the cleverest of the five boys |
| the नहीं: possessive के साथ · एक ही चीज़ की अलग हालतों में तुलना | my best friend (✗ my the best) · The lake is deepest here. · She is happiest with her children. |
| The + comparative …, the + comparative | The more you read, the more you learn. · The higher you go, the cooler it is. |
| धीरे-धीरे बढ़ना: comparative and comparative | It is getting colder and colder. · more and more difficult |
| one of the + plural noun + who / that → plural verb | He is one of the boys who are late. (पर: the only one of the boys who is late) |
| एक ही व्यक्ति के दो गुण: more + positive + than | He is more brave than wise. (✗ braver than wise) |
| very + positive · much / far + comparative | very good · much better (✗ very better) · by far the best |
| कुछ और तुलना वाले शब्द | |
|---|---|
| near → nearer → nearest / next | nearest = दूरी में सबसे पास: the nearest hospital · next = क्रम में अगला: the next chapter, the next house |
| upper → uppermost · utmost · innermost | the uppermost shelf · a matter of the utmost importance · his innermost feelings |
| major, minor, interior, exterior, ulterior | Latin रूप हैं पर सामान्य adjective की तरह — इनके साथ than / to नहीं: a major problem · an ulterior motive (छिपा मकसद) |
| different from · similar to | Your pen is different from mine (✗ than) · This is similar to that (✗ with) |
| prefer … to · prefer to + V1 … rather than + V1 | I prefer tea to coffee. · I prefer to walk rather than drive. (✗ prefer … than) |
"She is the ___ of the two sisters" (taller) · "Spot the error: He is taller than any boy in his class" (any other boy) · "The more you earn, ___ you spend" (the more) · "Spot the error: It is one of the best book" (books) · "Where is the ___ post office? (सबसे पास का) (nearest / next)"
Degree बदलना Transformation of Degrees
अर्थ वही रहे, सिर्फ़ ढाँचा बदले:
Superlative (the + -est / most) ⇄ Comparative (-er / more … than any other + singular · than most other + plural) ⇄ Positive (No other … so / as … as · Very few … so / as … as)
Superlative (the + -est / most) ⇄ Comparative (-er / more … than any other + singular · than most other + plural) ⇄ Positive (No other … so / as … as · Very few … so / as … as)
| स्थिति | Superlative | Comparative | Positive |
|---|---|---|---|
| सबसे बड़ा (एक ही) | Ram is the tallest boy in the class. | Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. | No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram. |
| "one of the" | Mumbai is one of the largest cities in India. | Mumbai is larger than most other cities in India. | Very few cities in India are as large as Mumbai. |
दो व्यक्तियों / चीज़ों की तुलना (Two-person reversal)
| Comparative | Positive — "not so / not as … as" | उल्टा Comparative (विपरीत शब्द) |
|---|---|---|
| Ram is taller than Shyam. | Shyam is not so tall as Ram. | Shyam is shorter than Ram. |
| Iron is more useful than gold. | Gold is not so useful as iron. | Gold is less useful than iron. |
| Sohan is cleverer than Mohan. | Mohan is not as clever as Sohan. | Mohan is less clever than Sohan. |
Positive (बराबरी) से Comparative: Ram is as tall as Shyam. → Shyam is not taller than Ram.
"not so … as" से Comparative: Delhi is not so cold as Shimla. → Shimla is colder than Delhi.
"not so … as" से Comparative: Delhi is not so cold as Shimla. → Shimla is colder than Delhi.
the -est (एक ही सबसे बड़ा) → No other + singular + is · one of the → Very few + plural + are · हाँ वाले वाक्य में as … as, नहीं वाले में not so / not as … as
तुलना समान चीज़ों में हो — singular के लिए that of, plural के लिए those of:
✗ The climate of Shimla is better than Delhi. → ✓ … than that of Delhi. · ✗ The streets of Delhi are wider than Agra. → ✓ … than those of Agra.
than I / than me: औपचारिक नियम — He is taller than I (am). बोलचाल में "than me" भी सही माना जाता है, इसलिए error spotting में "than me" को गलती तभी चुनें जब वाक्य में कोई और स्पष्ट गलती न हो।
✗ The climate of Shimla is better than Delhi. → ✓ … than that of Delhi. · ✗ The streets of Delhi are wider than Agra. → ✓ … than those of Agra.
than I / than me: औपचारिक नियम — He is taller than I (am). बोलचाल में "than me" भी सही माना जाता है, इसलिए error spotting में "than me" को गलती तभी चुनें जब वाक्य में कोई और स्पष्ट गलती न हो।
"Change into positive degree: Gold is the most precious metal" (No other metal is so precious as gold) · "Change into comparative: Kalidasa is one of the greatest poets of India" (greater than most other poets) · "Ram is taller than Shyam — choose the positive form" (Shyam is not so tall as Ram) · "The houses of the rich are bigger than ___ of the poor" (those) · "Spot the error: His style is different than mine"
विशेषण का सही प्रयोग Adjective — Usage Pairs & Order
| जोड़ी | अंतर | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| few / a few / the few (countable) | few = लगभग नहीं (नकारात्मक) · a few = कुछ (सकारात्मक) · the few = जो थोड़े थे, वे सब | Few people trust him. · A few friends came. · The few books I had were stolen. |
| little / a little / the little (uncountable) | यही अर्थ, मात्रा के लिए | There is little hope. · Add a little sugar. · He spent the little money he had. |
| some / any | some = हाँ वाले वाक्य, offer/request · any = नहीं/प्रश्न, if; "कोई भी" | I have some money. · Will you have some tea? · I don't have any money. · Any child can do it. |
| much / many | much + uncountable · many + countable plural | much water · many books · Many a man has died (many a + singular noun + singular verb) |
| less / fewer | less = मात्रा · fewer = संख्या | less sugar · fewer mistakes (✗ less students → ✓ fewer students) |
| elder / older | elder, eldest = परिवार के सदस्य, than के साथ नहीं · older, oldest = कोई भी, than के साथ | my elder brother · the eldest son · He is older than I. (✗ elder than) |
| later / latter | later = समय (बाद में) · latter = क्रम, दो में से दूसरा (former का उल्टा) | I will come later. · Ram and Shyam came; the latter (= Shyam) was late. |
| latest / last | latest = सबसे नया (समय) · last = अंतिम (क्रम) | the latest news · the last chapter of the book |
| farther / further | farther = दूरी · further = और / अतिरिक्त (आजकल दूरी के लिए भी) | From Delhi, Agra is farther than Mathura. · further information |
| each / every | each = दो या अधिक, एक-एक करके · every = दो से अधिक, सब मिलाकर; every अकेला pronoun नहीं | Each of the two boys… · Every student passed. (✗ every of → ✓ each of / every one of) |
Noun के बाद adjective: something new · nothing special · the people present · ten feet tall · Attorney General. · Linking verb (look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound, become) के बाद adjective, adverb नहीं: She looks beautiful (✗ beautifully). The rose smells sweet. I feel bad.
"There is ___ hope of his recovery (little / a little)" · "Spot the error: He is elder than me / Less students came" · "The ___ news (last / latest)" · "___ man has his weakness (Every)" · "Ram and Mohan are friends; the ___ is a doctor" (latter) · "Spot the error: The flowers smell sweetly" (sweet)
other, both, all, most — सही प्रयोग Determiners — More Usage Pairs
| शब्द | अर्थ / नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| another | एक और / कोई दूसरा — singular noun | Give me another cup. (✗ another cups) |
| other | दूसरे — plural / uncountable noun के साथ | other boys · other information |
| the other | दो में से दूसरा · बाकी बचे सब (noun के साथ) | One pen is red, the other is blue. · the other students |
| others | दूसरे लोग / चीज़ें — pronoun, noun के साथ नहीं | Some like tea, others like coffee. (✗ others boys) |
| the others | बाकी सब (तय समूह) — pronoun | Ram stayed; the others went home. |
| both | दोनों — plural verb · both … and · नकार में neither | Both the brothers are doctors. · both Ram and Shyam (✗ both … as well as) · ✗ Both of them did not come → ✓ Neither of them came. |
| either / neither | दो में से कोई एक / कोई नहीं — singular noun और verb | Either road goes to Agra. · Neither answer is correct. · on either side = दोनों ओर |
| none · no | दो से अधिक में कोई नहीं (none = pronoun · no + noun) | None of the five boys came. · I have no money. |
| all / whole | all + the + plural / uncountable · the whole + singular countable (uncountable के साथ whole नहीं) | all the boys · all the money (✗ the whole money) · the whole day = all day · the whole class |
| most / almost | most = अधिकांश (adjective) · almost = लगभग (adverb, noun से पहले अकेला नहीं) | Most students passed. · Most of the students (✗ most of students) · Almost all students passed. (✗ almost students) |
each other / one another — आपसी (reciprocal) pronoun हैं; नियम अध्याय 4 (Pronoun) में: each other = दो के बीच · one another = दो से अधिक।
अर्थ बदलने वाले जोड़े: historic (ऐतिहासिक महत्व का: a historic event) / historical (इतिहास से जुड़ा: historical documents) · economic (अर्थव्यवस्था का: economic policy) / economical (किफ़ायती: an economical car) · sensible (समझदार) / sensitive (संवेदनशील) · childish (बचकाना — बुरा अर्थ) / childlike (बच्चे जैसा भोला — अच्छा अर्थ)
"Give me ___ chance (another / other)" · "Spot the error: Both of them did not attend the meeting" · "Spot the error: He spent the whole money" · "___ all the students passed (Almost / Most)" · "One of my two sons is a doctor, ___ is a teacher" (the other) · "Some boys play, ___ read" (others)
मात्रा, enough / so / too, hard / hardly Quantity Phrases · Degree Words · Adjective or Adverb
मात्रा / संख्या वाले वाक्यांश
| वाक्यांश | किसके साथ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| a number of (= many) · the number of (= गिनती) | plural noun · a number of → plural verb · the number of → singular verb | A number of students were absent. · The number of students is small. (पूरे नियम: अध्याय 12, Subject-Verb Agreement) |
| a great deal of · a good deal of | सिर्फ़ uncountable | a great deal of money / time (✗ a great deal of books → ✓ a great many books) |
| a lot of · lots of · plenty of | countable और uncountable दोनों | a lot of books · plenty of water · plenty of chances |
enough, so / such, too / very
| शब्द | नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| enough | adjective के बाद · noun के पहले | good enough (✗ enough good) · enough money · old enough to vote |
| so / such | so + adjective · such + (a / an) + adjective + noun | so beautiful · such a beautiful girl · such beautiful flowers · It was so hot that we stayed in. |
| too / very | too = ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा (नकारात्मक, अक्सर + to) · very = बहुत | He is very happy (✗ too happy, तारीफ़ में) · The box is too heavy to lift. (adverb के रूप में आगे: अध्याय 9) |
एक जैसे दिखने वाले Adjective / Adverb
| शब्द | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| hard / hardly | कठिन, मेहनत से / मुश्किल से, लगभग नहीं | a hard task · He works hard. · He hardly works. (= लगभग काम नहीं करता) |
| late / lately | देर से / हाल ही में | He came late. · I have not seen him lately. |
| high / highly | ऊँचा, ऊँचाई पर / बहुत अधिक | The kite flew high. · He is highly educated. |
| fast · early · well | एक ही रूप — adjective भी, adverb भी | a fast train · He runs fast (✗ fastly) · an early train · He gets up early · He is well (स्वस्थ) · She sings well |
| near / nearly | पास / लगभग | Come near. · It is nearly ten o'clock. |
ऊपर वाले जोड़ों का पूरा नियम (adverb के रूप में) अध्याय 9 (Adverb) में।
"A great ___ people came" (many) · "___ number of students were absent (A / The)" · "Spot the error: He is not enough old to vote" · "She is ___ a good singer (so / such)" · "He has been working very ___ lately (hard / hardly)" · "She is ___ respected (high / highly)"
क्रम, स्थान, Compound Adjective Order · Attributive / Predicative · Compound
Adjectives का क्रम (Order of Adjectives)
Determiner/Number → Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Purpose → Noun (OSASCOMP)
a beautiful (opinion) big (size) old (age) round (shape) brown (colour) Indian (origin) wooden (material) dining (purpose) table
✗ a red big ball → ✓ a big red ball · ✗ a silk new saree → ✓ a new silk saree · ✓ two lovely little kittens
✗ a red big ball → ✓ a big red ball · ✗ a silk new saree → ✓ a new silk saree · ✓ two lovely little kittens
The + adjective = पूरा वर्ग (plural verb): The rich are not always happy. · The poor need help. · The blind, the old, the wounded.
Ordinal पहले, cardinal बाद में: the first two chapters (✗ the two first) · the last three days.
Compound Adjective (संख्या + noun, hyphen से जुड़ा)
संख्या + noun मिलकर adjective बनें तो noun singular रहता है और hyphen लगता है:
a five-year-old boy (✗ five-years-old) · a ten-rupee note (✗ ten-rupees note) · a two-day trip · a three-storey building · a 100-metre race
पर adjective verb के बाद हो तो plural: The boy is five years old.
a five-year-old boy (✗ five-years-old) · a ten-rupee note (✗ ten-rupees note) · a two-day trip · a three-storey building · a 100-metre race
पर adjective verb के बाद हो तो plural: The boy is five years old.
Adjective की जगह (Attributive / Predicative)
| Attributive — noun से पहले | Predicative — verb के बाद |
|---|---|
| a tall boy · a wise king | The boy is tall. · The king was wise. |
| सिर्फ़ attributive: main, chief, mere, sheer, utter, elder, former, latter, only, upper, inner, outer → the main road (✗ The road is main.) | सिर्फ़ predicative ("a-" वाले): afraid, asleep, awake, alive, alone, alike, ashamed, aware → The child is asleep. (✗ an asleep child → ✓ a sleeping child · ✗ an afraid boy → ✓ a frightened boy) |
"Arrange: a / wooden / old / small / box" (a small old wooden box) · "Spot the error: an asleep child" (a sleeping child) · "Spot the error: He has a ten-rupees note" · "He is ___ (five years old / five-years-old)"
Adjective बनाना Formation of Adjectives
Suffix जोड़कर (Noun / Verb → Adjective)
| -ful / -less: care → careful / careless · hope → hopeful | -y: dirt → dirty · health → healthy · wind → windy | -al: nation → national · nature → natural · music → musical |
| -ish: child → childish · fool → foolish · self → selfish | -ly: friend → friendly · man → manly · day → daily | -able / -ible: comfort → comfortable · sense → sensible |
| -ive: act → active · attract → attractive · talk → talkative | -ic: hero → heroic · poet → poetic · history → historic | -en: gold → golden · wood → wooden · wool → woollen |
| -some: trouble → troublesome · quarrel → quarrelsome | -ent / -ant: obey → obedient · differ → different · please → pleasant | -ary: moment → momentary · custom → customary |
-ous वाले रूप (spelling पर ध्यान)
| danger → dangerous · fame → famous (e हटा) · courage → courageous (e रहता) | glory → glorious · mystery → mysterious · envy → envious · ridicule → ridiculous · marvel → marvellous · disaster → disastrous (e हटा) |
| humour → humorous · vigour → vigorous · labour → laborious (u हटता) | space → spacious · grace → gracious · caution → cautious · ambition → ambitious |
Abstract noun से अलग रूप वाला adjective: strength → strong · length → long · width → wide · depth → deep · height → high · breadth → broad · heat → hot · pride → proud · truth → true · wisdom → wise · youth → young · anger → angry
उल्टा अर्थ — Prefix (un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-)
| un- (सबसे आम) | unhappy · unfair · unable · unkind · unwise · unusual |
| in- (अक्सर Latin शब्द) | incorrect · incomplete · invisible · indirect · inactive |
| im- (b, m, p से पहले) | impossible · impolite · immoral · impatient · immature |
| il- / ir- (l से पहले il- · r से पहले ir-) | illegal · illiterate · illogical · irregular · irresponsible · irrelevant |
| dis- (कुछ शब्द) | dishonest · disloyal · dissatisfied · disobedient · disagreeable |
देश → Nationality adjective: India → Indian · Japan → Japanese · China → Chinese · Britain → British · France → French · Spain → Spanish · Holland / Netherlands → Dutch · Switzerland → Swiss · Greece → Greek · Portugal → Portuguese · Pakistan → Pakistani · Nepal → Nepali / Nepalese · Bhutan → Bhutanese · Wales → Welsh · Ireland → Irish
"Adjective form of courage / humour / strength" (courageous / humorous / strong) · "Opposite of legal / regular / possible" (illegal / irregular / impossible) · "People of Holland are called —" (Dutch)