Chapter 4 · Grammar
सर्वनाम और उसके प्रकार
Pronoun — Kinds & FormsPronoun = noun की जगह आने वाला शब्द, ताकि noun बार-बार न दोहराना पड़े। Ram is ill. He cannot come.
Personal Pronoun के रूप (Case forms)
| Person | Subject | Object | Possessive Adj. | Possessive Pron. | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (मैं / हम) | I / we | me / us | my / our | mine / ours | myself / ourselves |
| 2nd (तुम) | you | you | your | yours | yourself / yourselves |
| 3rd (वह — पु.) | he | him | his | his | himself |
| 3rd (वह — स्त्री.) | she | her | her | hers | herself |
| 3rd (वह — निर्जीव) | it | it | its | — | itself |
| 3rd (वे) | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
| one | one | one | one's | — | oneself |
| Relative / प्रश्न | who | whom | whose | whose | — |
Pronoun के प्रकार (Kinds)
| प्रकार | पहचान | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Personal | व्यक्ति/वस्तु के लिए | I, you, he, she, it, we, they |
| Reflexive | काम का असर कर्ता पर ही लौटे (object बने) | He hurt himself. · We enjoyed ourselves. |
| Emphatic | वही शब्द, ज़ोर देने के लिए (हटाने पर भी वाक्य पूरा) | I myself saw it. · The king himself came. |
| Demonstrative | इशारा करें (बाद में noun न हो) | This is my pen. · Those are mangoes. |
| Indefinite | अनिश्चित व्यक्ति/वस्तु | one, some, any, all, few, many, none, another, other(s), such, somebody, nobody, everyone, anything, nothing |
| Distributive | एक-एक करके (singular verb) | each, either, neither |
| Reciprocal | आपस में | each other, one another |
| Relative | दो वाक्य जोड़े + पहले के noun से संबंध | who, whom, whose, which, that, what (= that which): I know what you mean. |
| Interrogative | प्रश्न पूछे | Who (व्यक्ति) is there? · What (सामान्य) do you want? · Which (सीमित विकल्प में से) is yours? |
"She herself cooked the food — the underlined word is a — pronoun" (Emphatic) · "They blamed themselves" (Reflexive) · "Each of the boys… — 'Each' is a — pronoun" (Distributive) · "Choose the correct form: The book is (your's / yours)" · "In Which pen is yours?, the word 'Which' is a —" (Adjective)
सर्वनाम के नियम — 1 Pronoun — Rules (Error Spotting)
Possessive pronoun में apostrophe कभी नहीं: ✗ your's, her's, our's, their's, it's (possessive) → ✓ yours, hers, ours, theirs, its.
my book (Possessive Adjective — noun के साथ) · The book is mine (Possessive Pronoun — अकेला)।
my book (Possessive Adjective — noun के साथ) · The book is mine (Possessive Pronoun — अकेला)।
Demonstrative Pronoun या Adjective? बाद में noun हो → Adjective: This book is mine. noun न हो → Pronoun: This is mine. (each, some, any, which पर भी यही नियम)
Reflexive या Emphatic? -self शब्द हटाने पर वाक्य अधूरा → Reflexive (He hurt ___). वाक्य पूरा रहे → Emphatic (I saw it)।
| # | नियम | ✓ सही उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Preposition, let, between के बाद object रूप | Let him go. · Let you and me go. · between you and me (✗ you and I) · No one but him · everyone except me |
| 2 | Than / as के बाद वही रूप जो पूरा वाक्य बनने पर आए | He is taller than I (am). · She is as clever as he (is). · I like you more than him (= than I like him) |
| 3 | 231 क्रम: 2nd, 3rd, 1st (विनम्रता) | You, he and I will go. · Plural: We, you and they |
| 4 | गलती/दोष मानने पर 123 (I पहले) | I, you and he are to blame. |
| 5 | Reflexive अकेला subject नहीं बनता | ✗ Myself am Ravi. → ✓ I am Ravi. · ✗ My brother and myself went. → ✓ My brother and I went. |
| 6 | enjoy, absent, avail, pride, apply, exert, resign, acquit के बाद reflexive object | We enjoyed ourselves. · He absented himself. · Avail yourself of this chance. · She prides herself on her work. |
| 7 | Who (subject) / whom (object) / whose (संबंध) | Who called you? · Whom did you call? · The man whose car was stolen… · The man who I think is honest… (who = is का subject) |
| 8 | who = व्यक्ति · which = वस्तु/जानवर · that = दोनों | the boy who won · the pen which I lost |
| 9 | that — superlative, all, only, none, nothing, any, first, last, very के बाद | the best film that I have seen · All that glitters is not gold. · the last man that left |
its = उसका (possessive) · it's = it is / it has | whose = किसका · who's = who is / who has | It is I (formal) / It's me (बोलचाल)
"Spot the error: Let he go / between you and I / Myself am Ravi" · "Fill in: He is taller than ___ (I/me)" · "Choose correct order: ___ will attend the meeting (You, he and I)" · "Fill in: The man ___ you met is my uncle (whom)" · "Choose the correct form: The book is (your's / yours)"
सर्वनाम के नियम — 2 Pronoun — Rules (Error Spotting)
| # | नियम | ✓ सही उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | each other = दो के बीच · one another = दो से अधिक (पारंपरिक नियम) | The two brothers love each other. · The students help one another. |
| 11 | one के साथ one's | One should do one's duty. (✗ his duty) |
| 12 | each, every, either, neither, everyone, anyone → singular pronoun (परीक्षा में; बोलचाल में "their" भी चलता है) | Each of the boys has his own book. · Each of the girls has her own book. · Everyone must do his or her best. |
| 13 | Noun दोहराने से बचने के लिए that / those | The climate of Shimla is better than that of Delhi. · His marks are higher than those of his brother. |
| 14 | Relative pronoun का verb पहले वाले noun के अनुसार | He is one of the boys who are clever. · I, who am your friend, will help. |
| 15 | Relative pronoun अपने noun के ठीक बाद | ✗ I met the boy in the market who… → ✓ In the market I met the boy who… |
| 16 | Subject दोहराना नहीं | ✗ My brother he is a doctor. → ✓ My brother is a doctor. |
| 17 | either / neither = दो में से · any one / none = दो से अधिक में से | Either of the two roads goes to Agra. · Any one of the five boys can do it. |
| 18 | Collective noun एक इकाई → it/its · सदस्य अलग-अलग → they/their | The committee gave its report. · The committee were divided in their opinions. |
| 19 | none + uncountable → singular · + plural noun → singular या plural (दोनों चलते हैं) | None of the milk is left. · None of the students has / have come. |
| 20 | such … as · the same … as (वैसा ही) · the same … that (वही चीज़) | Read such books as help you. · This is the same pen as mine. · This is the same pen that I lost. |
| 21 | the only one of … who → singular verb | He is the only one of the boys who is clever. (पर: one of the boys who are clever) |
| 22 | Gerund से पहले possessive | I dislike his (✗ him) coming late. |
| 23 | which पूरे वाक्य के लिए भी | He failed, which surprised us. |
✗ Between you and I, he is lying. → ✓ between you and me · ✗ I, you and he will go. → ✓ You, he and I will go.
✗ This is the best book which I have read. → ✓ the best book that I have read.
✗ Whom do you think is the best player? → ✓ Who (… is the best player — who subject है)
✗ This is the best book which I have read. → ✓ the best book that I have read.
✗ Whom do you think is the best player? → ✓ Who (… is the best player — who subject है)
"Spot the error: One should love his country / Each of the girls have their own book / My father he is a farmer" · "All ___ glitters is not gold (that)" · "The two sisters love ___ (each other)" · "He is one of the best players who ___ played for India (have)"