Chapter 6 · Grammar
आर्टिकल — a / an
Articles — Indefinite: a, ana, an = Indefinite Articleकोई एक, अनिश्चित — सिर्फ़ singular countable noun से पहले।
a boy · an apple · a book
a boy · an apple · a book
the = Definite Articleखास / पहले से तय — singular, plural, uncountable सबके साथ।
the boy · the boys · the water
the boy · the boys · the water
a या an — अक्षर (letter) से नहीं, आवाज़ (sound) से तय होता है। अगला शब्द स्वर-ध्वनि (अ, आ, इ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ…) से शुरू → an · व्यंजन-ध्वनि से शुरू → a
| ✓ an (स्वर-ध्वनि) | ✓ a (व्यंजन-ध्वनि) |
|---|---|
| an apple · an egg · an umbrella · an ugly face · an orange | a boy · a cat · a tree · a horse · a hotel |
| h silent: an hour · an honest man · an heir · an honour · an honourable person | u = "यू": a university · a union · a uniform · a useful book · a unique idea · a European · a ewe |
| o = "वन": a one-eyed man · a one-rupee coin · a one-way road |
Abbreviations (संक्षिप्त रूप)
अक्षर-अक्षर पढ़े जाएँ तो पहले अक्षर की आवाज़ देखो। F H L M N R S X ("एफ़, एच, एल, एम, एन, आर, एस, एक्स") + A E I O स्वर-ध्वनि से शुरू → an:
an MLA · an MBA · an SP · an FIR · an NCC cadet · an X-ray · an LLB · an IAS officer · an M.A. · an S-shaped road
an MLA · an MBA · an SP · an FIR · an NCC cadet · an X-ray · an LLB · an IAS officer · an M.A. · an S-shaped road
बाकी अक्षर (B, C, D, G, J, K, P, Q, T, U, V, W, Y, Z) व्यंजन-ध्वनि → a:
a B.A. · a PhD · a UPSC exam ("यू") · a U-turn · a VIP
शब्द की तरह पढ़े जाएँ (acronym) तो उस शब्द की आवाज़: a NATO member ("नाटो") · a UNESCO report ("यूनेस्को")
a B.A. · a PhD · a UPSC exam ("यू") · a U-turn · a VIP
शब्द की तरह पढ़े जाएँ (acronym) तो उस शब्द की आवाज़: a NATO member ("नाटो") · a UNESCO report ("यूनेस्को")
a या an? an hour ("आवर") · a house ("हाउस") · an heir · a hero · a university · an umbrella · a one-act play · an only child · a useful tip · an unusual case · an NGO ("एन") · a NATO base · an 8-year-old boy ("एट") · a 12-year-old ("ट्वेल्व")
Uncountable / plural noun पर a / an नहीं: ✗ an advice, a news, a furniture, a information → ✓ a piece of advice, some news · ✗ a books → ✓ books / some books
"Choose the correct article: ___ honest man / ___ university / ___ one-rupee coin / ___ MLA / ___ European" (an / a / a / an / a) · "Spot the error: He gave me an advice" · "Which is correct? an useful / a useful"
a / an के प्रयोग, Article दोहराना Uses of a / an · Repetition of Articles
| # | प्रयोग | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | एक / कोई एक (पहली बार ज़िक्र) | I saw a lion. · He has a car. |
| 2 | पूरी जाति/वर्ग का प्रतिनिधि | A cow is a useful animal. (= हर गाय) |
| 3 | पेशा / पद बताने में | He is a doctor. · She wants to be an engineer. |
| 4 | प्रति (per) के अर्थ में | 60 km an hour · twice a day · once a week |
| 5 | What, such, quite, rather, so … a (आश्चर्य / ज़ोर) | What a beautiful scene! · such a fool · quite a good book · so big a house |
| 6 | कुछ संख्या / मात्रा वाले शब्द | a dozen · a hundred · a lot of · a few · a little · a couple of · a great many |
| 7 | अनजान व्यक्ति (= कोई एक) | A Mr Sharma came to see you. |
| 8 | Proper noun को common noun बनाकर (जैसा) | He is a second Tagore. |
| 9 | कुछ तय मुहावरे | in a hurry · at a loss · as a rule · have a cold / a headache · make a noise · take a walk |
Article दोहराना (Repetition)
| Article एक बार = एक ही व्यक्ति/चीज़ | Article दो बार = दो अलग व्यक्ति/चीज़ें |
|---|---|
| The secretary and treasurer has come. (एक व्यक्ति, दो पद) | The secretary and the treasurer have come. (दो व्यक्ति) |
| I have a black and white cow. (एक गाय, दो रंग) | I have a black and a white cow. (दो गायें) |
| The poet and philosopher is dead. (एक ही) | The poet and the philosopher are dead. (दो) |
दो noun एक ही व्यक्ति के लिए तुलना में: He is a better poet than novelist. · मिलकर एक चीज़: Bread and butter is my breakfast. · The horse and carriage is at the door.
"He is ___ engineer" (an) · "What ___ beautiful scene!" (a) · "The collector and ___ magistrate is on leave" (no article — एक व्यक्ति) · "The black and ___ white dogs are fighting" (the — दो कुत्ते) · "Spot the error: The secretary and the treasurer has come" (have)
आर्टिकल — the Definite Article: the
| # | the कब लगता है | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | खास / पहले ज़िक्र हुई चीज़ | I saw a lion. The lion was hungry. · Shut the door. |
| 2 | अनोखी (एक ही) चीज़ें | the sun · the moon · the earth · the sky · the world |
| 3 | Superlative और ordinal से पहले | the best · the tallest · the first · the last · the only |
| 4 | नदी, सागर, महासागर, खाड़ी, नहर, मरुस्थल, पर्वत-श्रेणी, द्वीप-समूह | the Ganga · the Arabian Sea · the Pacific · the Bay of Bengal · the Suez Canal · the Thar · the Himalayas · the Andamans |
| 5 | धर्म-ग्रंथ, अख़बार | the Gita · the Ramayana · the Bible · the Quran · the Hindu · the Times of India |
| 6 | Plural या Union / Kingdom / Republic वाले देश | the USA · the UK · the UAE · the Netherlands · the Philippines · the Maldives |
| 7 | वाद्य-यंत्र बजाना (खेल में नहीं) | play the flute / the sitar / the guitar · पर: play cricket, play chess |
| 8 | Singular noun से पूरी जाति | The cow is a useful animal. · The rose is a beautiful flower. |
| 9 | The + adjective = वर्ग (plural) · पूरा राष्ट्र | the rich · the poor · the blind · the Indians · the English |
| 10 | प्रसिद्ध इमारतें, ट्रेनें, जहाज़, ऐतिहासिक घटनाएँ | the Taj Mahal · the Red Fort · the Rajdhani Express · the Titanic · the French Revolution |
| 11 | दिशाएँ (in / to / from के बाद) | in the north · from the east · पर: He went north. (adverb) |
| 12 | परिवार का उपनाम (plural) = पूरा परिवार | the Sharmas (= Sharma परिवार) |
| 13 | by the + माप · शरीर का अंग (पकड़ना/मारना) | sold by the dozen · paid by the hour · He caught me by the arm. · hit him on the head |
| 14 | The + comparative …, the + comparative · दो में से | The more, the merrier. · the better of the two |
| 15 | तारीख़, आविष्कार (पूरा वर्ग), सरकारी संस्थाएँ | the 15th of August · The telephone was invented by Bell. · the police · the army |
the नहीं: अकेली पर्वत-चोटी, झील, एक द्वीप — Mount Everest, Dal Lake, Sri Lanka (पर the Himalayas, the Andamans)
a / the का अंतर: I want a pen (कोई भी) · I want the pen (वही खास पेन) · "The Indians" = सब भारतीय · "Indians" = कुछ/आम भारतीय
"___ Ganga is a holy river" (The) · "He plays ___ guitar" (the) · "Spot the error: The Mount Everest is the highest peak" · "___ rich should help ___ poor" (The, the) · "India is ___ largest democracy in the world" (the) · "Spot the error: Kalidasa is greatest poet of India" (the greatest)
Article कब नहीं लगता Omission of Articles
| # | Article नहीं लगता | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | व्यक्ति, शहर, देश (singular), महाद्वीप के नाम | Ram, Delhi, India, Asia (✗ the India) |
| 2 | Material / Abstract noun सामान्य अर्थ में | Gold is costly. · Honesty is the best policy. · पर खास अर्थ में: The honesty of this man is known. |
| 3 | भाषा, विषय, खेल | He speaks Hindi. · I like history. · They play hockey. (पर: the Hindi language) |
| 4 | दिन, महीने, त्योहार, भोजन (सामान्य) | on Monday · in May · on Diwali · after lunch · पर: The dinner was tasty (खास) |
| 5 | school, college, church, hospital, prison, bed, court — अपने मुख्य काम के लिए | go to school (पढ़ने) · go to the school (किसी और काम से, जैसे मिलने) · He is in hospital (मरीज़; AmE: in the hospital) · go to bed |
| 6 | man / woman (पूरी मानव जाति), God | Man is mortal. · God is great. |
| 7 | by + साधन (यातायात / संचार) | by bus · by train · by air · by post · on foot |
| 8 | किसी अकेले (unique) पद के लिए (complement / as के बाद) — आम पेशे में a / an रहता है | He was elected President. · She was made captain. · He works as principal of the school. · पर: He works as a teacher. |
| 9 | परिवार में संबोधन | Father is at home. · Mother has gone out. |
| 10 | रोगों के नाम | He has cancer / malaria / diabetes. · पर: a cold, a headache, the flu |
| 11 | तय मुहावरे | at home · at night · at noon · in fact · in time · on time · by name · at sight · by chance |
| 12 | Plural / uncountable noun सामान्य अर्थ में | Books are our best friends. · Milk is good for health. |
✗ The honesty is the best policy. → ✓ Honesty is… · ✗ He goes to the bed at ten. → ✓ to bed
✗ He came by the train. → ✓ by train · ✗ The man is mortal. → ✓ Man is mortal. · ✗ I like the cricket. → ✓ cricket
✗ He came by the train. → ✓ by train · ✗ The man is mortal. → ✓ Man is mortal. · ✗ I like the cricket. → ✓ cricket
Article भरो (× = कोई article नहीं): ___ Ganga rises in ___ Himalayas. · He is ___ M.A. in ___ English. · ___ sun gives us ___ light. · They go to ___ church every Sunday. · ___ Mount Abu is in ___ Rajasthan.
उत्तर: The, the · an, × · The, × · × (प्रार्थना के लिए) · ×, ×
उत्तर: The, the · an, × · The, × · × (प्रार्थना के लिए) · ×, ×
"Spot the error: She goes to the school by the bus" · "___ man is a social animal" (no article) · "Fill in: He was elected ___ chairman" (no article) · "Spot the error: The gold is a precious metal" · "He is suffering from ___ malaria" (no article)
आर्टिकल — खास नियम Articles — Special Rules & Position
| नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|
| दिन का समय: morning, afternoon, evening के साथ the · night, noon, dawn, midnight के साथ नहीं | in the morning · in the evening · पर at night · at noon · at dawn · at midnight |
| a / an की जगह बदलती है: so / as / too / how + adjective + a + noun · such / what / quite / rather / half / many + a | as good a man as his father · too big a task · how long a time · so short a time · half an hour · many a man has tried · quite a crowd |
| दो determiner साथ नहीं (article + possessive / this) | ✗ the my book → ✓ my book · ✗ a my friend → ✓ a friend of mine · ✗ this my pen → ✓ this pen of mine |
| all, both, half — the से पहले आते हैं | all the boys · both the sisters · half the time (✗ the all boys · ✗ the both sisters) |
| a most = बहुत (very) · the most = सबसे (superlative) | It is a most useful book. (= बहुत उपयोगी) · It is the most useful book in the library. |
| University का नाम: शहर पहले हो तो the नहीं · "University of …" हो तो the · होटल के नाम में the | Delhi University · पर the University of Delhi · the Taj Hotel |
| धर्म-ग्रंथ, महाकाव्य, खाड़ी | the Vedas · the Mahabharata · the Persian Gulf |
| cinema, theatre, market, station — the के साथ · bed, school — मुख्य काम में बिना the | go to the cinema · go to the market · go to the station · पर go to bed · go to school |
| Proper noun + adjective के साथ the · proper noun को common noun की तरह (जैसा / महान) | the great Akbar · the brave Rana Pratap · Kalidasa is called the Shakespeare of India. · He is a Newton (= Newton जैसा महान वैज्ञानिक) |
a या an — कुछ और कठिन शब्द: a hundred · an eight-hour day ("एट") · an 11-year-old ("इलेवन") · an honorary post (h silent) · a euro ("यूरो") · a eulogy ("यूलजी") · a unit ("यूनिट") · an MP ("एम") · an SDM ("एस")
"He is not ___ good a player as his brother (so / such)" (so) · "Spot the error: Many a men have tried" (man has) · "Spot the error: The my friend came" · "We go for a walk in ___ evening" (the) · "She studied at ___ University of Delhi" (the) · "Choose: ___ eulogy / ___ honorary member" (a / an)