Chapter 12 · Grammar
कर्ता-क्रिया सामंजस्य — मूल नियम
Subject-Verb Agreement — Basic Rulesमूल नियम: Singular subject → singular verb · Plural subject → plural verb
Singular verb = V5 (-s / -es), is, was, has, does · Plural verb = V1, are, were, have, do
He writes. · The boy is here. · They write. · The boys are here. · I + am / was · you + are / were (हमेशा)
Singular verb = V5 (-s / -es), is, was, has, does · Plural verb = V1, are, were, have, do
He writes. · The boy is here. · They write. · The boys are here. · I + am / was · you + are / were (हमेशा)
ध्यान दो: noun में -s = plural, पर verb में -s = singular। The birds sing. · The bird sings.
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | and से जुड़े दो subject → plural | Ram and Shyam are friends. · He and I were present. |
| 2 | अपवाद: and से जुड़े पर एक ही व्यक्ति / चीज़ (article एक बार) → singular | The poet and painter is dead. · The secretary and treasurer has come. (अध्याय 6) |
| 3 | अपवाद: मिलकर एक विचार / इकाई → singular | Bread and butter is my breakfast. · Slow and steady wins the race. · Rice and curry is my favourite dish. |
| 4 | each / every + … and … → singular | Each boy and each girl has a book. · Every man and woman was present. |
| 5 | as well as, with, along with, together with, besides, in addition to, accompanied by, like, rather than, including, and not, no less than → verb पहले subject के अनुसार | The teacher, as well as the students, was present. · The captain, with his players, has arrived. · You, and not he, are to blame. |
| 6 | Subject और verb के बीच के शब्द (of-वाक्यांश आदि) अनदेखा करो — असली subject ढूँढो | The quality of these mangoes is good. · The box of pens is on the table. · The leader of the workers was arrested. |
| 7 | Gerund, infinitive या पूरा वाक्यांश subject → singular | Swimming is good exercise. · To err is human. · What he says is true. |
✗ The teacher along with his students were present. → ✓ was · ✗ The price of these books are high. → ✓ is
✗ Bread and butter are good for health. → ✓ is · ✗ Walking in the morning are healthy. → ✓ is
✗ Bread and butter are good for health. → ✓ is · ✗ Walking in the morning are healthy. → ✓ is
"The Principal, as well as the teachers, ___ present (was / were)" (was) · "The colour of her eyes ___ blue (is / are)" (is) · "Spot the error: Each boy and each girl have been given a prize" (has) · "Slow and steady ___ the race" (wins)
either / neither, a number of Agreement — Either / Neither, Indefinites, Number
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | either … or, neither … nor, or, nor, not only … but also → verb पास वाले (दूसरे) subject के अनुसार (पास वाले का नियम) | Either Ram or his brothers are guilty. · Neither the students nor the teacher is present. · Not only the students but also the teacher was late. |
| 9 | Person भी पास वाले subject के अनुसार | Either you or I am wrong. · Neither he nor you are to blame. (अच्छा: plural subject को verb के पास रखो) |
| 10 | either / neither अकेला (pronoun / adjective) → singular | Either of the two roads leads to Agra. · Neither of them has come. · Neither answer is correct. |
| 11 | each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, nothing → singular | Each of the boys has a book. · Everyone is happy. · Nobody knows the answer. · Every student was present. |
| 12 | one of + plural noun → singular verb (subject = one) | One of the boys is absent. · पर one of the boys who … → plural: He is one of the boys who are late. (who का पिछला शब्द boys है, इसलिए plural) · the only one of … who → singular: He is the only one of the boys who has passed. |
| 13 | a number of (= बहुत) + plural noun → plural verb | A number of students were absent. · A large number of people have come. |
| 14 | the number of (= गिनती) + plural noun → singular verb | The number of students is small. · The number of accidents has increased. |
| 15 | many a + singular noun → singular · a great many / many + plural → plural | Many a man has tried. · A great many people have tried. |
| 16 | more than one + singular noun → singular verb | More than one student was absent. · पर more than two / a few + plural → plural: More than two students were absent. |
| 17 | a lot of, plenty of, most of, some of, all of, half of, part of, the rest of, a percentage / fraction of → verb of के बाद वाले noun के अनुसार | A lot of milk is wasted. · A lot of people are waiting. · Half of the apple is rotten. · Half of the apples are rotten. · 40% of the land is dry. |
A number of = अनेक (बहुत) → plural · The number of = गिनती / संख्या → singular।
"Neither the minister nor his secretaries ___ present (was / were)" (were) · "Either he or I ___ to go (am / is / are)" (am) · "A number of books ___ missing (is / are)" (are) · "The number of books ___ small (is / are)" (is) · "Spot the error: Neither of the two boys were selected" (was)
Collective, मात्रा, शीर्षक Agreement — Collective Nouns, Amounts, Titles
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | Collective noun एक इकाई → singular · सदस्य अलग-अलग (मतभेद) → plural | The committee has made its decision. · The jury were divided in their opinions. (परीक्षा / BrE; AmE: the jury was) · The team is strong. (family, class, army, crowd, audience) |
| 19 | हमेशा plural: people, police, cattle, poultry, clergy, gentry, vermin | The police have arrested the thief. · The cattle are grazing. · People are waiting. |
| 20 | दूरी, समय, पैसा, वज़न एक कुल मात्रा → singular | Ten kilometres is a long distance. · Two years is a long time. · Five hundred rupees is a big amount. · Fifty kilograms is heavy. |
| 21 | किताब, फ़िल्म, देश, संस्था का नाम (plural दिखे तो भी) → singular | "Gulliver's Travels" is a famous book. · The United States is a big country. · The Netherlands is in Europe. |
| 22 | Plural दिखने वाले singular: news, mathematics, physics, economics, politics (विषय), measles, mumps, billiards, innings, series, species · means = तरीका (singular / plural दोनों: a means to an end), = धन (plural: his means are limited) | The news is good. · Mathematics is my favourite subject. · Measles is infectious. (पर: The economics of the plan are unclear — "आर्थिक पहलू") |
| 23 | हमेशा plural: scissors, trousers, spectacles, thanks, alms, riches, premises, goods, clothes, surroundings, belongings | His trousers are torn. · The goods have arrived. · Riches do not bring happiness. |
| 24 | Uncountable: information, advice, furniture, luggage, equipment, machinery, scenery → singular | The furniture is new. · His advice was useful. (✗ furnitures are) |
| 25 | The + adjective (वर्ग) → plural · The + nationality → plural | The rich are not always happy. · The English are punctual. · The Chinese are hard-working. (Indians जैसे countable noun: The Indians / Indians are …) |
✗ The police has caught the thief. → ✓ have · ✗ Mathematics are difficult. → ✓ is · ✗ Ten miles are a long way. → ✓ is
✗ The cattle is grazing. → ✓ are · ✗ The poor is honest. → ✓ The poor are honest.
✗ The cattle is grazing. → ✓ are · ✗ The poor is honest. → ✓ The poor are honest.
"The committee ___ made its decision (has / have)" (has) · "Five hundred rupees ___ not a big sum (is / are)" (is) · "The news ___ true (is / are)" (is) · "Spot the error: The cattle is grazing in the field" (are) · "My spectacles ___ broken (is / are)" (are)
और नियम और अभ्यास Agreement — More Rules · Practice
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 26 | There / Here से शुरू: verb बाद वाले noun के अनुसार | There is a book. · There are many books. · Here are your keys. (दो noun हों तो पास वाले के अनुसार: There is a pen and two pencils.) |
| 27 | none + uncountable → singular · + plural noun → singular या plural | None of the milk is left. · None of the boys has / have come. |
| 28 | a pair of + plural noun → singular (pair = एक) · बिना pair → plural | A pair of shoes is on the mat. · My shoes are new. · The scissors are sharp. |
| 29 | Relative pronoun का verb उसके पहले वाले noun / pronoun के अनुसार | It is I who am to blame. (परीक्षा का रूप; बोलचाल में It is me who is भी) · It is you who are wrong. · He is the man who has helped me. |
| 30 | गणित / जोड़: singular या plural दोनों (परीक्षा में अक्सर singular) | Two and two makes / make four. |
Error spotting में 4 कदम: 1. असली subject ढूँढो (of / with / as well as वाले हिस्से हटाओ) · 2. वह singular है या plural? · 3. or / nor / either / neither हो तो पास वाला subject देखो · 4. verb (is / are, has / have, -s) मिलाओ।
सही verb भरो: 1. The books on the shelf ___ (is / are) old. → are · 2. Neither the teacher nor the students ___ (was / were) ready. → were · 3. Each of the players ___ (has / have) a kit. → has · 4. The number of cars ___ (is / are) rising. → is · 5. A number of cars ___ (is / are) parked outside. → are · 6. Physics ___ (is / are) my best subject. → is · 7. The president, with his ministers, ___ (was / were) present. → was · 8. Twenty years ___ (is / are) a long time. → is
"There ___ a lot of people in the hall (is / are)" (are) · "It is you who ___ to blame" (are) · "A pair of socks ___ lying here (is / are)" (is) · "None of the milk ___ left (is / are)" (is) · "Spot the error: There is many reasons for his failure" (are)
Agreement — मात्रा के शब्द, खास noun Agreement — Quantifiers · Special Nouns
| नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|
| both, few, a few, several, many, a couple of → plural | Both are right. · Few students were present. · A couple of boys are waiting. |
| little, a little, much (uncountable) → singular | Little water is left. · Much work remains. |
| all + plural → plural · All (= सब कुछ) → singular | All the boys are here. · All is well. |
| a variety of → plural · the variety of → singular | A variety of fruits are sold here. · The variety of fruits is amazing. |
| the majority of + plural noun → plural · the majority (समूह एक इकाई) → singular | The majority of students are girls. · The majority has decided. |
| Fraction / percent of → of के बाद वाले noun के अनुसार | Two-thirds of the book has been read. · Two-thirds of the books are old. |
| one and a half · a year and a half → singular | One and a half kilos of sugar is enough. · A year and a half has passed. |
| मात्रा एक इकाई → singular · अलग-अलग गिनी इकाइयाँ → plural | Ten years is a long time. · Ten years have passed since then. · Ten rupees were found in his pocket. (अलग-अलग नोट) |
| Noun | Verb | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| sheep, deer, fish, aircraft (singular = plural रूप) | अर्थ के अनुसार | This sheep is white. · These sheep are white. |
| criterion / criteria · phenomenon / phenomena · medium / media · datum / data | पहला singular, दूसरा plural | These criteria are strict. · The data are correct. (परीक्षा; आधुनिक प्रयोग में data is भी) |
| हमेशा plural: pants, jeans, shorts, glasses, binoculars, tongs, pliers, savings, earnings, proceeds, arrears, ashes, regards, contents, remains, outskirts, congratulations | plural | My jeans are new. · His savings are in the bank. |
| विषय / खेल के नाम: gymnastics, athletics, ethics (विषय), statistics (विषय) · summons · The Arabian Nights | singular | Statistics is a useful subject. (पर: These statistics are wrong — "आँकड़े") · The summons has come. |
"A couple of students ___ absent (is / are)" (are) · "Two-thirds of the work ___ done (is / are)" (is) · "These sheep ___ mine (is / are)" (are) · "Statistics ___ my favourite subject (is / are)" (is) · "His hair ___ turned grey (has / have)" (has) · "A year and a half ___ passed (has / have)" (has)
Agreement — और नियम Agreement — do / does, Inversion, Pronouns
| नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|
| do / does / did के बाद V1 — -s सिर्फ़ does पर | Does he come? (✗ Does he comes?) · He does not like tea. (✗ does not likes) · She doesn't know. (✗ She don't know) |
| Inversion — subject verb के बाद हो, तो verb उसी के अनुसार | Here comes the bus. · Here come the buses. · In the garden stands a tree. · Down came the rain. · On the table were two books. |
| Pronoun का मेल (each, everyone, one) — अध्याय 4 | Each of the boys has his book. · One must do one's duty. |
| kind of / sort of / type of — verb kind / sort / type के अनुसार (of के बाद वाले noun के नहीं) | This kind of book is useful. · These kinds of books are useful. (✗ These kind of books are) |
| has / have का मेल | He has a car. · They have a car. · I / You have (✗ I has) |
| was / were का मेल — If I were (काल्पनिक) अपवाद | He was late. · They were late. · If I were you … (अध्याय 8) |
| Noun | Verb | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| headquarters, whereabouts | singular / plural दोनों | The headquarters is / are in Delhi. |
| Uncountable: baggage, mail, jewellery, knowledge, work, homework, evidence, progress, fruit, hair, bread, traffic, weather, mischief, damage | singular | His hair is black. · The traffic is heavy. · (poultry = मुर्गी का मांस → singular; मुर्गियाँ → plural) |
सही verb भरो: 1. Here ___ (come / comes) the guests. → come · 2. ___ (Do / Does) your brother work here? → Does · 3. Neither the teacher nor the pupils ___ (was / were) there. → were · 4. The majority of voters ___ (has / have) voted. → have · 5. Three-fourths of the land ___ (is / are) dry. → is · 6. Few people ___ (know / knows) the truth. → know · 7. The only one of the girls who ___ (sing / sings) well is Sita. → sings
"Spot the error: Does she sings well?" (sing) · "On the hill ___ an old temple (stand / stands)" (stands) · "He is the only one of the students who ___ passed (has / have)" (has) · "More than two persons ___ injured (was / were)" (were) · "Spot the error: He don't know me" (doesn't)