Chapter 11 · Grammar

समुच्चयबोधक और उसके प्रकार

Conjunction — Coordinating & Subordinating

Conjunction = शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाला शब्द। Ram and Shyam · I stayed home because it rained.

1. Coordinating — बराबर दर्जे के हिस्से जोड़े (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

प्रकार	काम	Conjunctions	✓ उदाहरण
Cumulative	जोड़ना (और)	and, as well as, both … and, not only … but also	He is rich and famous.
Adversative	विरोध (पर)	but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, whereas, while	He is poor but honest. · He is rich, yet unhappy.
Alternative	विकल्प (या)	or, either … or, neither … nor, otherwise, else	Work hard, or you will fail. · Hurry, otherwise you will miss the bus.
Illative	नतीजा (इसलिए) · for = कारण	so, therefore, hence, consequently · for	He was ill, so he did not come. · It must be late, for (= क्योंकि, औपचारिक) the birds are silent.

2. Subordinating — आश्रित वाक्य को मुख्य वाक्य से जोड़े

भाव	Conjunctions	✓ उदाहरण
समय	when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, whenever	Wait till I come. · As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
कारण	because, since, as	I am late because it rained. · Since you are tired, rest now.
उद्देश्य	so that, in order that, lest	Work hard so that you may pass. · Walk carefully lest you should fall.
परिणाम	so … that, such … that	He was so tired that he slept at once.
शर्त	if, unless, provided (that), in case, as long as	You will pass if you work hard. · I will go provided you come.
विरोध / रियायत	though, although, even if, even though	Although he is poor, he is honest.
तुलना	than, as … as	He is taller than I. · She is as clever as her sister.
ढंग / स्थान	as, as if, as though · where, wherever	Do as I tell you. · He talks as if he were a king. · Go wherever you like.
Noun clause	that, whether, if	I know that he is honest. · Ask him whether he will come.

"Identify the kind: He is slow but sure" (Adversative) · "He worked hard ___ he might pass (so that / such that)" (so that) · "___ he is rich, he is not proud (Though / Because)" (Though) · "Fill in: Hurry up, ___ you will be late (or / and)" (or)

Correlative और Conjunction के नियम Correlative Conjunctions · Rules

Correlative — हमेशा जोड़ी में (सही जोड़ीदार ही लगाओ)

either … or	neither … nor (✗ neither … or)	both … and (✗ both … as well as)
not only … but also	whether … or	though / although … yet (✗ although … but)
no sooner … than	hardly / scarcely … when (या before)	so … that · such … that · such … as
as … as · so … as (नकार — परीक्षा का रूप; आज not as … as भी आम)	rather … than · other … than	the + comparative … the + comparative

#	नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
1	Although / though के साथ but नहीं (yet या comma)	✗ Although he is poor but he is honest. → ✓ Although he is poor, (yet) he is honest.
2	Because के साथ so / therefore नहीं	✗ Because he was ill, so he did not come. → ✓ Because he was ill, he did not come. / He was ill, so he did not come.
3	Unless = if … not · until / till = तक — unless / until वाले हिस्से में "not" नहीं (मुख्य वाक्य में not ठीक: I will not leave until he comes.)	✗ Unless you do not work … → ✓ Unless you work hard, you will fail. · ✗ Wait until I do not come. → ✓ Wait until I come.
4	lest + should (lest में "not" का अर्थ पहले से)	Run fast lest you should miss the bus. (✗ lest … should not)
5	Correlative बराबर हिस्सों के ठीक पहले (parallel structure)	✗ He either plays cricket or football. → ✓ He plays either cricket or football. · ✗ Not only he is a poet but also a painter. → ✓ He is not only a poet but also a painter.
6	Not only से वाक्य शुरू → inversion	Not only did he insult me, but he also hit me.
7	The reason … is that (✗ is because — परीक्षा का नियम; आधुनिक लेखन में "is because" भी मिलता है) · the reason for (✗ reason of)	The reason for his absence is that he is ill. (✗ is because he is ill)

"Spot the error: Although he worked hard but he failed" (but हटाओ / yet) · "Neither Ram ___ Mohan came" (nor) · "Spot the error: He not only lost his money but also his health" (lost not only…) · "Spot the error: Because it was raining, so we stayed in" (so हटाओ) · "Spot the error: Unless you do not apologise, I will not talk to you" (Unless you apologise)

Conjunction के और नियम Conjunctions — More Rules

#	नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
8	doubt: हाँ वाले वाक्य में whether / if · नकार / प्रश्न में that	I doubt whether he will come. · I do not doubt that he is honest. · Do you doubt that he is honest?
9	whether (if नहीं): preposition के बाद, to-infinitive से पहले, "or not" के ठीक साथ	It depends on whether he agrees. · I can't decide whether to go. · whether or not (✗ if or not)
10	as (conjunction) + वाक्य · like (preposition) + noun	Do as I say. (परीक्षा: as; बोलचाल में like I say भी) · He sings like a bird.
11	between … and · from … to	between 5 and 6 pm (✗ between … to / or) · from Delhi to Agra
12	so that (उद्देश्य) ≠ so … that (परिणाम) · such … as (जैसा) · such … that (परिणाम)	Speak loudly so that all can hear. · It was so hot that we stayed in. · Read such books as are useful.
13	scarcely / hardly के साथ when / before (परीक्षा: than नहीं; बोलचाल में hardly … than भी दिखता है) · no sooner के साथ than	Hardly had he left when it began to rain. · No sooner had he left than it rained.
14	other / rather के साथ than (but नहीं)	He has no other aim than to serve. · I would rather walk than wait.

since / as दो अर्थ: समय (Since 2010 …) और कारण (Since you insist, I will go)। while: समय (While I was reading…) और विरोध (He is rich, while his brother is poor)।

Preposition या Conjunction? बाद में पूरा वाक्य → conjunction: Wait till I come. · सिर्फ़ noun → preposition: Wait till Monday. (before, after, since पर भी)

✗ I doubt that he will pass. → ✓ whether (परीक्षा का key: whether / if; आधुनिक प्रयोग में doubt that भी) · ✗ The reason is because he is lazy. → ✓ that · ✗ Do it like I told you. → ✓ as · ✗ Scarcely had I reached than … → ✓ when · ✗ between 2 to 4 → ✓ between 2 and 4

"No sooner had he seen the police ___ he ran away" (than) · "I would rather starve ___ beg" (than) · "I don't know ___ to laugh or cry" (whether) · "Hardly had he gone out ___ it began to rain (when / than)" (when) · "Spot the error: The reason of his failure is because he was ill" (दो गलतियाँ: reason for · is that)

Conjunction — और नियम, परिवर्तन Conjunction vs Preposition · More Rules · Transformation

Conjunction (+ पूरा वाक्य)	Preposition (+ noun / -ing)	Conjunction	Preposition
because it rained	because of the rain	while I was sleeping	during the night
though / although he is poor	despite / in spite of his poverty (✗ Despite he is poor)	in case it rains · as I told you	in case of rain · like a deer

नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
neither … nor के साथ दूसरा नकार नहीं	He neither ate nor drank. (✗ He did not neither eat nor drink)
both … and → plural verb · ✗ both of … and	Both Ram and Shyam are here. (✗ Both of Ram and Shyam)
if, when, before, after, as soon as, until, unless (भविष्य) → present tense	If it rains, I will stay. (✗ will rain) · I will wait till he comes. (अध्याय 8)
even if = चाहे ऐसा हो भी (शर्त) · even though = हालाँकि ऐसा है (तथ्य)	Even if it rains, I will go. · Even though it was raining, he went out.
now that = अब जबकि · seeing that, inasmuch as = चूँकि · the moment = जैसे ही · by the time = तब तक · supposing = मान लो · provided / providing = बशर्ते	Now that you are here, let us start. · The moment he saw me, he left.

Compound conjunctions (कई शब्द मिलकर): as soon as, as long as, as well as, so that, in order that, even if, even though, as if, as though, provided that, on condition that, in case, now that · the same … as / that — अध्याय 4

Conjunction से वाक्य-परिवर्तन

Unless you work hard, you will fail.	= If you do not work hard, you will fail.
As soon as he saw me, he ran away.	= No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. = Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
He works hard so that he may pass.	= He works hard in order that he may pass. = … in order to pass.
Though he is poor, (yet) he is honest.	= In spite of his poverty, he is honest.

"Spot the error: Despite he was tired, he worked" (Though / Although) · "Spot the error: He did not neither read nor write" (He neither read nor wrote) · "___ it rains tomorrow, the match will go on (Even if / Even though)" (Even if)

विस्मयादिबोधक Interjection

Interjection = अचानक मन का भाव (खुशी, दुख, हैरानी, दर्द, घृणा) बताने वाला शब्द। इसका वाक्य के दूसरे शब्दों से व्याकरण वाला संबंध नहीं होता। इसके बाद आमतौर पर विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न (!) आता है।

भाव	Interjection	✓ उदाहरण
खुशी	Hurrah! / Hurray! · Wow! · Yippee!	Hurrah! We have won the match.
दुख / शोक	Alas! · Ah! (Ah = खुशी, दुख, हैरानी — तीनों में)	Alas! He is no more.
हैरानी	Oh! · What! · Wow! · Good heavens!	Oh! What a surprise! · What! You failed?
तारीफ़ / शाबाशी	Bravo! · Well done!	Bravo! You played well.
दर्द	Ouch! · Ah! · Oh!	Ouch! I hurt my finger.
घृणा / नापसंद	Fie! · Pooh! · Ugh! · Pshaw!	Fie! You should be ashamed. · Ugh! What a smell!
राहत	Phew!	Phew! That was close.
ध्यान खींचना / अभिवादन	Hello! · Hi! · Hey! · Lo!	Hello! How are you?
चुप कराना	Hush! · Sh!	Hush! The baby is sleeping.
गलती	Oops!	Oops! I dropped the cup.
खोज / समझ आना	Aha! · Eureka!	Aha! Now I understand.

O और Oh में अंतर: O — संबोधन / प्रार्थना में, हमेशा capital, ठीक बाद में comma या ! नहीं: O God, help me! · O Lord, forgive us. · Oh — हैरानी, दर्द, दुख: Oh! I forgot. / Oh, I see.

हल्का भाव हो तो comma: Oh, I see. · Well, let us start. तेज़ भाव हो तो !: Alas! He died young.

Interjection वाक्य से हटा दो, तो भी वाक्य पूरा रहता है: (Hurrah!) We have won.

सही interjection चुनो: ___! We have won the cup. (Hurrah / Alas) → Hurrah · ___! My mother is no more. (Alas / Bravo) → Alas · ___! You have done a great job. (Bravo / Ouch) → Bravo · ___! Don't make a noise. (Hush / Hurrah) → Hush · ___! That hurts. (Ouch / Hurrah) → Ouch

"___! I have passed the exam (Alas / Hurrah / Ouch)" (Hurrah) · "Which interjection shows sorrow? (Alas / Hurrah / Bravo)" (Alas) · "Bravo expresses —" (approval / praise) · "Identify the interjection: Oh! What a beautiful sight" (Oh) · "Correct use: O God / Oh God in a prayer" (O)

Interjection — और बातें More Interjections · Punctuation

Interjection	भाव	✓ उदाहरण
Hear, hear!	सहमति, समर्थन	Hear, hear! That is right.
Encore!	फिर से (प्रदर्शन)	The audience shouted, "Encore!"
Cheers! · Congratulations! · Welcome!	शुभकामना · बधाई · स्वागत	Congratulations! You have passed.
Shame! · Fie!	शर्म, निंदा	Shame! You cheated.
Heavens! · Good heavens! · Dear me! · Gosh! · Gee!	हैरानी, घबराहट	Dear me! I have lost my keys.
Ha! Ha!	हँसी	Ha! Ha! What a joke!
Amen!	ऐसा ही हो (प्रार्थना के अंत में)	May God bless us all. Amen!
Well done! · Bravo!	शाबाशी	Well done! You won.

शब्द-समूह भी interjection: Good heavens!, Well done!, Dear me!, Oh dear! — और दूसरे part of speech के शब्द भी interjection बन जाते हैं: Well, I don't know. · Why, it's you! · Indeed! · What! You failed? (यहाँ ये interjection हैं)

तेज़ भाव → ! · हल्का भाव → comma: Oh! What a surprise! · Oh, I see. · Well, we should go.
"!" के बाद अगला शब्द: आज की शैली में capital (Alas! He is dead.); पुरानी किताबों (Wren & Martin) में small भी (Alas! he is dead.) — दोनों मिलते हैं।

Part of speech पहचानो: Well, I will try. → Interjection · She sings well. → Adverb · I am well. → Adjective · a deep well → Noun · Why, that is easy! → Interjection · Why are you late? → Adverb (Interrogative)

"Well, let us begin — 'Well' is a —" (Interjection) · "Which interjection is used to approve a speech?" (Hear, hear!) · "___! What a funny joke (Ha! Ha! / Alas / Amen)" (Ha! Ha!)

प्रकार

काम

Conjunctions

✓ उदाहरण

Cumulative

जोड़ना (और)

and, as well as, both … and, not only … but also

He is rich and famous.

Adversative

विरोध (पर)

but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, whereas, while

He is poor but honest. · He is rich, yet unhappy.

Alternative

विकल्प (या)

or, either … or, neither … nor, otherwise, else

Work hard, or you will fail. · Hurry, otherwise you will miss the bus.

Illative

नतीजा (इसलिए) · for = कारण

so, therefore, hence, consequently · for

He was ill, so he did not come. · It must be late, for (= क्योंकि, औपचारिक) the birds are silent.

भाव

Conjunctions

✓ उदाहरण

समय

when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, whenever

Wait till I come. · As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

कारण

because, since, as

I am late because it rained. · Since you are tired, rest now.

उद्देश्य

so that, in order that, lest

Work hard so that you may pass. · Walk carefully lest you should fall.

परिणाम

so … that, such … that

He was so tired that he slept at once.

शर्त

if, unless, provided (that), in case, as long as

You will pass if you work hard. · I will go provided you come.

विरोध / रियायत

though, although, even if, even though

Although he is poor, he is honest.

तुलना

than, as … as

He is taller than I. · She is as clever as her sister.

ढंग / स्थान

as, as if, as though · where, wherever

Do as I tell you. · He talks as if he were a king. · Go wherever you like.

Noun clause

that, whether, if

I know that he is honest. · Ask him whether he will come.

Correlative और Conjunction के नियम Correlative Conjunctions · Rules

Correlative — हमेशा जोड़ी में (सही जोड़ीदार ही लगाओ)

either … or	neither … nor (✗ neither … or)	both … and (✗ both … as well as)
not only … but also	whether … or	though / although … yet (✗ although … but)
no sooner … than	hardly / scarcely … when (या before)	so … that · such … that · such … as
as … as · so … as (नकार — परीक्षा का रूप; आज not as … as भी आम)	rather … than · other … than	the + comparative … the + comparative

#	नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
1	Although / though के साथ but नहीं (yet या comma)	✗ Although he is poor but he is honest. → ✓ Although he is poor, (yet) he is honest.
2	Because के साथ so / therefore नहीं	✗ Because he was ill, so he did not come. → ✓ Because he was ill, he did not come. / He was ill, so he did not come.
3	Unless = if … not · until / till = तक — unless / until वाले हिस्से में "not" नहीं (मुख्य वाक्य में not ठीक: I will not leave until he comes.)	✗ Unless you do not work … → ✓ Unless you work hard, you will fail. · ✗ Wait until I do not come. → ✓ Wait until I come.
4	lest + should (lest में "not" का अर्थ पहले से)	Run fast lest you should miss the bus. (✗ lest … should not)
5	Correlative बराबर हिस्सों के ठीक पहले (parallel structure)	✗ He either plays cricket or football. → ✓ He plays either cricket or football. · ✗ Not only he is a poet but also a painter. → ✓ He is not only a poet but also a painter.
6	Not only से वाक्य शुरू → inversion	Not only did he insult me, but he also hit me.
7	The reason … is that (✗ is because — परीक्षा का नियम; आधुनिक लेखन में "is because" भी मिलता है) · the reason for (✗ reason of)	The reason for his absence is that he is ill. (✗ is because he is ill)

Conjunction के और नियम Conjunctions — More Rules

#	नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
8	doubt: हाँ वाले वाक्य में whether / if · नकार / प्रश्न में that	I doubt whether he will come. · I do not doubt that he is honest. · Do you doubt that he is honest?
9	whether (if नहीं): preposition के बाद, to-infinitive से पहले, "or not" के ठीक साथ	It depends on whether he agrees. · I can't decide whether to go. · whether or not (✗ if or not)
10	as (conjunction) + वाक्य · like (preposition) + noun	Do as I say. (परीक्षा: as; बोलचाल में like I say भी) · He sings like a bird.
11	between … and · from … to	between 5 and 6 pm (✗ between … to / or) · from Delhi to Agra
12	so that (उद्देश्य) ≠ so … that (परिणाम) · such … as (जैसा) · such … that (परिणाम)	Speak loudly so that all can hear. · It was so hot that we stayed in. · Read such books as are useful.
13	scarcely / hardly के साथ when / before (परीक्षा: than नहीं; बोलचाल में hardly … than भी दिखता है) · no sooner के साथ than	Hardly had he left when it began to rain. · No sooner had he left than it rained.
14	other / rather के साथ than (but नहीं)	He has no other aim than to serve. · I would rather walk than wait.

Conjunction — और नियम, परिवर्तन Conjunction vs Preposition · More Rules · Transformation

Conjunction (+ पूरा वाक्य)	Preposition (+ noun / -ing)	Conjunction	Preposition
because it rained	because of the rain	while I was sleeping	during the night
though / although he is poor	despite / in spite of his poverty (✗ Despite he is poor)	in case it rains · as I told you	in case of rain · like a deer

नियम	✓ सही (✗ गलत)
neither … nor के साथ दूसरा नकार नहीं	He neither ate nor drank. (✗ He did not neither eat nor drink)
both … and → plural verb · ✗ both of … and	Both Ram and Shyam are here. (✗ Both of Ram and Shyam)
if, when, before, after, as soon as, until, unless (भविष्य) → present tense	If it rains, I will stay. (✗ will rain) · I will wait till he comes. (अध्याय 8)
even if = चाहे ऐसा हो भी (शर्त) · even though = हालाँकि ऐसा है (तथ्य)	Even if it rains, I will go. · Even though it was raining, he went out.
now that = अब जबकि · seeing that, inasmuch as = चूँकि · the moment = जैसे ही · by the time = तब तक · supposing = मान लो · provided / providing = बशर्ते	Now that you are here, let us start. · The moment he saw me, he left.

Conjunction से वाक्य-परिवर्तन

Unless you work hard, you will fail.	= If you do not work hard, you will fail.
As soon as he saw me, he ran away.	= No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. = Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
He works hard so that he may pass.	= He works hard in order that he may pass. = … in order to pass.
Though he is poor, (yet) he is honest.	= In spite of his poverty, he is honest.

विस्मयादिबोधक Interjection

भाव	Interjection	✓ उदाहरण
खुशी	Hurrah! / Hurray! · Wow! · Yippee!	Hurrah! We have won the match.
दुख / शोक	Alas! · Ah! (Ah = खुशी, दुख, हैरानी — तीनों में)	Alas! He is no more.
हैरानी	Oh! · What! · Wow! · Good heavens!	Oh! What a surprise! · What! You failed?
तारीफ़ / शाबाशी	Bravo! · Well done!	Bravo! You played well.
दर्द	Ouch! · Ah! · Oh!	Ouch! I hurt my finger.
घृणा / नापसंद	Fie! · Pooh! · Ugh! · Pshaw!	Fie! You should be ashamed. · Ugh! What a smell!
राहत	Phew!	Phew! That was close.
ध्यान खींचना / अभिवादन	Hello! · Hi! · Hey! · Lo!	Hello! How are you?
चुप कराना	Hush! · Sh!	Hush! The baby is sleeping.
गलती	Oops!	Oops! I dropped the cup.
खोज / समझ आना	Aha! · Eureka!	Aha! Now I understand.

हल्का भाव हो तो comma: Oh, I see. · Well, let us start. तेज़ भाव हो तो !: Alas! He died young.

Interjection वाक्य से हटा दो, तो भी वाक्य पूरा रहता है: (Hurrah!) We have won.

Interjection — और बातें More Interjections · Punctuation

Interjection	भाव	✓ उदाहरण
Hear, hear!	सहमति, समर्थन	Hear, hear! That is right.
Encore!	फिर से (प्रदर्शन)	The audience shouted, "Encore!"
Cheers! · Congratulations! · Welcome!	शुभकामना · बधाई · स्वागत	Congratulations! You have passed.
Shame! · Fie!	शर्म, निंदा	Shame! You cheated.
Heavens! · Good heavens! · Dear me! · Gosh! · Gee!	हैरानी, घबराहट	Dear me! I have lost my keys.
Ha! Ha!	हँसी	Ha! Ha! What a joke!
Amen!	ऐसा ही हो (प्रार्थना के अंत में)	May God bless us all. Amen!
Well done! · Bravo!	शाबाशी	Well done! You won.

"Well, let us begin — 'Well' is a —" (Interjection) · "Which interjection is used to approve a speech?" (Hear, hear!) · "___! What a funny joke (Ha! Ha! / Alas / Amen)" (Ha! Ha!)