Chapter 13 · Grammar
वाच्य — मूल नियम और Tenses
Active & Passive Voice — Rules for TensesActive Voice (कर्तृवाच्य)कर्ता (subject) पर ज़ोर — कर्ता काम करता है।
Ram writes a letter.
Ram writes a letter.
Passive Voice (कर्मवाच्य)कर्म (object) पर ज़ोर — काम किया जाता है।
A letter is written by Ram.
A letter is written by Ram.
बदलने के 4 कदम: 1. Object → subject बनाओ · 2. Verb = be का सही रूप (tense के अनुसार) + V3 · 3. Subject → by + object रूप · 4. बाकी शब्द वैसे ही
सिर्फ़ transitive verb (जिसका object हो) का passive बनता है — die, happen, sleep, arrive का नहीं (अध्याय 7)।
सिर्फ़ transitive verb (जिसका object हो) का passive बनता है — die, happen, sleep, arrive का नहीं (अध्याय 7)।
| Tense | Passive ढाँचा | Active → Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | is / am / are + V3 | Ram writes a letter. → A letter is written by Ram. |
| Present Continuous | is / am / are + being + V3 | Ram is writing a letter. → A letter is being written by Ram. |
| Present Perfect | has / have + been + V3 | Ram has written a letter. → A letter has been written by Ram. |
| Simple Past | was / were + V3 | Ram wrote a letter. → A letter was written by Ram. |
| Past Continuous | was / were + being + V3 | Ram was writing letters. → Letters were being written by Ram. |
| Past Perfect | had + been + V3 | Ram had written a letter. → A letter had been written by Ram. |
| Simple Future | will / shall + be + V3 | Ram will write a letter. → A letter will be written by Ram. |
| Future Perfect | will / shall + have been + V3 | Ram will have written a letter. → A letter will have been written by Ram. |
| Perfect Continuous (तीनों) और Future Continuous — इनका passive परीक्षा में नहीं बनाया जाता। | ||
Pronoun बदलना (Subject रूप → Object रूप)
| I → me | we → us | you → you | he → him | she → her | it → it | they → them | who → by whom |
नकार और प्रश्न: He does not help me. → I am not helped by him. · Did she sing a song? → Was a song sung by her? · Have you finished the work? → Has the work been finished by you? · They were not playing chess. → Chess was not being played by them.
"Change the voice: She is cooking food" (Food is being cooked by her) · "The thief had been caught by the police — active form" (The police had caught the thief) · "Spot the error: The letter was wrote by him" (was written) · "They will have built the bridge — passive" (The bridge will have been built by them)
Modal, आज्ञा और प्रश्न वाले वाक्य Voice — Modals, Imperative, Interrogative
Modal के साथ (modal + be + V3 · modal + have been + V3)
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| You can do it. | It can be done by you. |
| We should respect elders. | Elders should be respected (by us). |
| He must finish the work. | The work must be finished by him. |
| They are going to build a school. | A school is going to be built by them. |
| He may have stolen the purse. | The purse may have been stolen by him. |
आज्ञा / अनुरोध वाले वाक्य (Imperative)
| Active | Passive | नियम |
|---|---|---|
| Open the door. | Let the door be opened. | Let + object + be + V3 |
| Do not tease the dog. | Let the dog not be teased. / Don't let the dog be teased. | नकार: Let … not be + V3 |
| Please help me. | You are requested to help me. | please / kindly → You are requested to |
| Work hard. | You are advised to work hard. | सलाह → are advised · आदेश → are ordered |
| Get out. (बिना object) | You are ordered to get out. | object न हो तो ordered / requested |
| Let him sing a song. | Let a song be sung by him. | Let वाला वाक्य |
प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative)
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Do you know him? | Is he known to you? |
| Who wrote this book? | By whom was this book written? |
| Whom did you see? | Who was seen by you? |
| What are you doing? | What is being done by you? |
| Why did he beat the boy? | Why was the boy beaten by him? |
प्रश्न का शब्द (what, why, when, where, how) शुरू में ही रहता है। who (कर्ता) → by whom · whom (कर्म) → who। प्रश्न का रूप (helping verb पहले) बना रहता है।
"Change the voice: Shut the window" (Let the window be shut) · "Who broke this glass?" (By whom was this glass broken?) · "Please post this letter" (You are requested to post this letter) · "You must obey the rules" (The rules must be obeyed by you)
वाच्य — खास स्थितियाँ Voice — Special Cases
| स्थिति | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| दो object — दो passive बनते हैं | He gave me a book. | I was given a book by him. · A book was given to me by him. |
| Verb + preposition — preposition नहीं हटता | They laughed at him. · She looks after the child. | He was laughed at (by them). · The child is looked after by her. |
| Complement वाले वाक्य | They made him captain. | He was made captain. (complement वैसा ही) |
| Agent हटाओ — by people / someone / them / everybody (अज्ञात कर्ता) | Someone has stolen my bag. · People speak English here. | My bag has been stolen. · English is spoken here. |
| Nobody / No one / None | Nobody did it. · No one can solve it. | It was not done by anybody. · It cannot be solved by anyone. |
| It is said / believed … | People say that he is rich. | It is said that he is rich. · He is said to be rich. |
| Infinitive का passive | I have to do this work. · There is no time to lose. | This work has to be done by me. · There is no time to be lost. |
| Gerund / -ing के बाद | I remember them taking me to the zoo. | I remember being taken to the zoo (by them). |
| Quasi-passive (feel, taste, smell, sell, read — कर्ता चीज़ ख़ुद) | Honey tastes sweet. · The rose smells sweet. | Honey is sweet when tasted. · The rose is sweet when smelt. |
| Causative (अध्याय 7) | I made him do it. | He was made to do it (by me). (passive में to लौटता है) |
by नहीं, दूसरा preposition (अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं)
| known to | pleased with | satisfied with | surprised / shocked at | interested in |
| filled with | covered with | married to | disappointed with / at | tired of |
| made of (वस्तु दिखे) · from (बदल जाए) | composed of | engaged in | killed by (व्यक्ति) · with (हथियार) | involved in |
He is known to everyone. (✗ by everyone) · The bottle is filled with milk. · I was surprised at his behaviour. · This table is made of wood. · Paper is made from wood.
"Change the voice: They elected him president" (He was elected president) · "Everyone knows Mahatma Gandhi" (Mahatma Gandhi is known to everyone) · "The children laughed at the joker" (The joker was laughed at by the children) · "People say that he is a spy — begin with It" (It is said that he is a spy)
वाच्य — और नियम और अभ्यास Voice — More Rules · Practice
| स्थिति | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Let us + V1 | Let us play cricket. | Let cricket be played by us. |
| Object + to-infinitive | They asked me to leave. | I was asked to leave. |
| see / hear / make + object + V1 — passive में to लौटता है | We saw him go out. · They heard her sing. | He was seen to go out. · She was heard to sing. |
| One should / must … | One should keep one's promises. | Promises should be kept. |
| anyone वाले प्रश्न | Did anyone see you? | Were you seen by anyone? |
| is to + V1 (तय काम) | You are to do this work. | This work is to be done by you. |
| need / deserve + -ing = passive अर्थ | The house needs painting. · He deserves punishing. | The house needs to be painted. · He deserves to be punished. |
| Passive → Active (by वाला कर्ता subject बने; कर्ता न हो तो someone / people / they) | The work was done by Mohan. · English is spoken here. | → Mohan did the work. · → People speak English here. |
गलतियाँ: ✗ The book is wrote. → ✓ is written · ✗ The work has completed. → ✓ has been completed · ✗ He was died. → ✓ He died. · ✗ The letter was being writing. → ✓ was being written
पहचानो: be का रूप + V3 = passive (is written, was being done, has been made)। "be + V-ing" = active continuous (is writing)। "has + V3" बिना been = active perfect (has written)।
Voice बदलो:
1. The boy is flying a kite. → A kite is being flown by the boy.
2. Who has taken my pen? → By whom has my pen been taken?
3. Do not pluck the flowers. → Let the flowers not be plucked.
4. The police caught the thief. → The thief was caught by the police.
5. They will finish the project by May. → The project will be finished by them by May.
6. She had cleaned the room. → The room had been cleaned by her.
7. We must protect the environment. → The environment must be protected (by us).
8. He told me a story. → I was told a story by him. / A story was told to me by him.
1. The boy is flying a kite. → A kite is being flown by the boy.
2. Who has taken my pen? → By whom has my pen been taken?
3. Do not pluck the flowers. → Let the flowers not be plucked.
4. The police caught the thief. → The thief was caught by the police.
5. They will finish the project by May. → The project will be finished by them by May.
6. She had cleaned the room. → The room had been cleaned by her.
7. We must protect the environment. → The environment must be protected (by us).
8. He told me a story. → I was told a story by him. / A story was told to me by him.
"Change the voice: Let us sing a song" (Let a song be sung by us) · "They saw him enter the room" (He was seen to enter the room) · "Choose the correct passive: Has she finished her homework?" (Has her homework been finished by her?) · "Spot the error: The work has completed" (has been completed)
वाच्य — और नियम Voice — Exclamatory, No Passive, let
| स्थिति | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Exclamatory — विस्मय का रूप वैसा ही रहता है | What a beautiful picture she has painted! | What a beautiful picture has been painted by her! |
| let — passive में "let … to" नहीं, allowed to | They let him go. | He was allowed to go. (✗ He was let to go) |
| see / hear / make — passive में to लौटता है | They made him work. | He was made to work. |
| Reflexive object — passive नहीं | He hurt himself. | — (passive नहीं बनता) |
Object होते हुए भी passive नहीं (स्थिति वाले verbs): have (= रखना), resemble, lack, suit, fit, become (= शोभा देना)
He has a car. · She resembles her mother. · He lacks courage. · This dress suits you. — इनका passive (✗ A car is had by him) परीक्षा में "passive not possible" होता है।
He has a car. · She resembles her mother. · He lacks courage. · This dress suits you. — इनका passive (✗ A car is had by him) परीक्षा में "passive not possible" होता है।
Voice बदलो: What a lovely song she sang! → What a lovely song was sung by her! · They let us play. → We were allowed to play. · The teacher made the boys stand. → The boys were made to stand. · She resembles her father. → Passive not possible.
"Change the voice: What a fine shot he has hit!" (What a fine shot has been hit by him!) · "They let the prisoners go — passive" (The prisoners were allowed to go) · "Which sentence cannot be changed into passive? (He wrote a letter / She resembles her mother / They built a house)" (She resembles her mother)