Chapter 8 · Grammar
काल — 12 Tenses का ढाँचा
Tense — Structure of 12 TensesTense = verb का वह रूप जो काम का समय (Present, Past, Future) और काम की दशा (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) बताए। 3 × 4 = 12 tenses।
| Tense | ढाँचा (हाँ वाला वाक्य) | ✓ उदाहरण = हिंदी वाक्य |
|---|---|---|
| PRESENT (वर्तमान) | ||
| Simple | S + V1 / V5 (he, she, it, singular → -s / -es) | He writes. = वह लिखता है। · They write. |
| Continuous | S + is / am / are + V-ing | He is writing. = वह लिख रहा है। |
| Perfect | S + has / have + V3 | He has written. = वह लिख चुका है। / उसने लिखा है। |
| Perf. Continuous | S + has / have been + V-ing + since / for | He has been writing since morning. = वह सुबह से लिख रहा है। |
| PAST (भूत) | ||
| Simple | S + V2 | He wrote. = उसने लिखा। |
| Continuous | S + was / were + V-ing | He was writing. = वह लिख रहा था। |
| Perfect | S + had + V3 | He had written. = वह लिख चुका था। / उसने लिखा था। |
| Perf. Continuous | S + had been + V-ing + since / for | He had been writing for two hours. = वह दो घंटे से लिख रहा था। |
| FUTURE (भविष्य) | ||
| Simple | S + will / shall + V1 | He will write. = वह लिखेगा। |
| Continuous | S + will / shall be + V-ing | He will be writing. = वह लिख रहा होगा। |
| Perfect | S + will / shall have + V3 | He will have written. = वह लिख चुका होगा। |
| Perf. Continuous | S + will / shall have been + V-ing + since / for | He will have been writing for two hours. = वह दो घंटे से लिख रहा होगा। |
since = समय का बिंदु (कब से): since Monday, since 2020, since morning, since childhood · for = समय की अवधि (कितनी देर से): for two hours, for five years, for a long time
"वह लिखता था" (भूतकाल की आदत) = He used to write / He wrote (every day) — यह आदत है · "उसने लिखा" = He wrote (एक बार, काम पूरा) — Simple Past
"Identify the tense: She has been teaching here for ten years" (Present Perfect Continuous) · "I have lived here ___ 2015" (since) · "He ___ (write) a letter now" (is writing)
नकार, प्रश्न · Perfect या Past Negatives & Questions · Present Perfect vs Simple Past
नकार और प्रश्न (Negative & Interrogative)
| Tense | Negative | Interrogative |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | He does not write. · They do not write. | Does he write? · Do they write? |
| Simple Past | He did not write. (did के बाद V1) | Did he write? |
| will, shall, need, dare, used to | won't (will not) · shan't (shall not) · need not + V1 · dare not + V1 · did not use to + V1 | Will he write? · Need I go? · Did you use to write? |
| बाकी सब | पहले auxiliary के बाद not: He is not writing. · He has not written. | पहला auxiliary subject से पहले: Is he writing? · Has he written? |
Present Perfect या Simple Past?
| स्थिति | Present Perfect | Simple Past |
|---|---|---|
| just / just now | He has just left. (अभी-अभी) | He left just now. (just now → past) |
| समय बताने वाले शब्द | — (yesterday, ago, last, in 2010 के साथ नहीं) | I met him two days ago / yesterday. |
| this morning / today / this week | समय अभी चल रहा: I have met him this morning. (सुबह ही बोला) | समय ख़त्म: I met him this morning. (शाम को बोला) |
| This is the first time … | This is the first time I have seen a lion. (✗ I see / I saw) | That was the first time I had seen a lion. (past में had + V3) |
| have been to / have gone to | He has been to Delhi. (जाकर लौट आया — अनुभव) · He has gone to Delhi. (गया है, अभी वहीं है) | He went to Delhi last year. |
| yet / already / ever | yet = नकार / प्रश्न, अंत में: Has he come yet? · already = हाँ वाला, बीच में: He has already come. · Have you ever seen…? | — |
"He ___ just now (has left / left)" · "This is the first time I ___ a camel" (have seen) · "Ram is not here; he ___ to Patna (has been / has gone)" · "Change into negative: He went to school" (He did not go…) · "I have not finished my work ___ (yet / already)" (yet)
किस Tense का कब प्रयोग Uses of Tenses · Time Markers
| Tense | कब प्रयोग | ✓ उदाहरण | पहचान के शब्द (Time markers) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | आदत, सार्वभौमिक सत्य, तय समय-सारणी (भविष्य भी) | He gets up at six. · The sun rises in the east. · The train leaves at 9 tomorrow. | always, usually, often, daily, every day, sometimes, never, seldom, generally |
| Present Continuous | अभी चल रहा काम · तय योजना (निकट भविष्य) | Look! It is raining. · I am going to Delhi tomorrow. | now, at present, at this moment, these days, Look!, Listen! |
| Present Perfect | अभी-अभी पूरा हुआ · असर अभी तक · अनुभव | He has just left. · I have lost my pen. · Have you ever seen a tiger? | just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, till now |
| Present Perfect Cont. | भूतकाल में शुरू, अब तक जारी | She has been waiting for an hour. | since, for, how long |
| Simple Past | भूतकाल में पूरा हुआ (समय बताया हो) | I met him yesterday. · He died in 2001. | yesterday, ago, last week / year, in 2010, the other day |
| Past Continuous | भूतकाल में किसी समय चल रहा काम · बीच में दूसरा काम | I was reading when he came. · They were playing at 5 pm. | while, when, at that time, all day yesterday |
| Past Perfect | भूतकाल के दो कामों में पहला | The train had left before I reached. · When I reached, he had gone. | before, after, already, by the time (+ past) |
| Past Perfect Cont. | भूतकाल के किसी काम से पहले कुछ समय से चल रहा | He had been working for two hours when I arrived. | since, for (+ past) |
| Simple Future | भविष्य का काम, वादा, अनुमान | I shall / will meet you tomorrow. | tomorrow, next week, soon, in future |
| Future Continuous | भविष्य में किसी समय चल रहा होगा | This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Mumbai. | this time tomorrow, at 5 pm tomorrow |
| Future Perfect | भविष्य के किसी समय तक पूरा हो चुका होगा | By next June, he will have finished the course. | by tomorrow, by next year, by the time (+ present) |
| Future Perfect Cont. | भविष्य के किसी समय तक कुछ समय से चल रहा होगा | By 2030, she will have been teaching for 20 years. | by … for |
"Look! The baby ___ (sleeps / is sleeping)" · "He ___ here since 2010" (has been living / has lived) · "When I reached the station, the train ___" (had left) · "By this time next year, I ___ my degree" (shall have completed) · "I ___ him when he was a child" (knew)
भविष्य के रूप, used to / would Future Forms · used to / would
भविष्य बताने के तरीके (Future forms)
| रूप | कब | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| will / shall + V1 | अभी लिया फ़ैसला · अनुमान · वादा | The phone is ringing; I will pick it up. · I will help you. |
| be going to + V1 | पहले से इरादा · साफ़ दिखता संकेत | I am going to buy a car. · Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. |
| Present Continuous | पक्की योजना (arrangement) | I am meeting him tomorrow. |
| Simple Present | समय-सारणी | The train leaves at 6 am tomorrow. |
| be about to + V1 | बिल्कुल अभी होने वाला (time word नहीं) | The train is about to leave. (✗ is about to leave tomorrow) |
| be to + V1 | सरकारी / तय कार्यक्रम | The PM is to visit Patna next week. |
| Future in the past: would / was going to | भूतकाल में सोचा गया भविष्य | He said he would come. · I was going to call you, but I forgot. |
used to / would — दोनों = भूतकाल की आदत ("करता था")। पर would सिर्फ़ काम (action) के लिए, स्थिति के लिए नहीं:
As a child I used to / would play in the park. · I used to have a cycle. (✗ I would have a cycle) · He used to be thin. (✗ would be thin)
As a child I used to / would play in the park. · I used to have a cycle. (✗ I would have a cycle) · He used to be thin. (✗ would be thin)
Sequence सुधारो: He told me that he will come. → he would come · She said that she can swim. → she could swim · He said that the sun rose in the east. → rises · I shall go when he will come. → when he comes
"Look! That wall ___ fall" (is going to) · "The bus is about ___ leave" (to) · "Spot the error: I would have a bicycle when I was young" (used to have) · "He told me he ___ come the next day" (would) · "I promise I ___ you tomorrow (will help / am helping)" (will help)
Tenses का क्रम Sequence of Tenses · Special Structures
| # | नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | मुख्य वाक्य past में → आश्रित वाक्य भी past में | He said that he was ill. · I knew that he would come. (✗ will come) |
| 2 | अपवाद: सार्वभौमिक सत्य / आदत / कहावत हमेशा present में | The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun. · He said that honesty is the best policy. |
| 3 | मुख्य वाक्य present / future में → आश्रित वाक्य अर्थ के अनुसार कोई भी tense | He says that he was ill. · He will say that he is busy. |
| 4 | when, if, unless, until, till, before, after, as soon as वाले भविष्य के समय / शर्त वाक्यांश में present (will नहीं) | I will wait until he comes. (✗ will come) · If it rains, we shall stay at home. · पर noun clause (know, ask, wonder का object) में will ठीक: I don't know when he will come. |
| 5 | It is / has been … since वाले वाक्य: पहले भाग में वर्तमान काल / present perfect, since के बाद simple past (परीक्षा का नियम) | It is / has been two years since he left. (✗ since he has left) |
| 6 | No sooner had … than · Hardly / Scarcely had … when (Past Perfect) | No sooner had he reached than the train left. · Hardly had I slept when the phone rang. |
| 7 | It is time / It is high time + subject + V2 (past) | It is high time we left. (✗ we leave) · It is time you went to bed. |
| 8 | wish / as if / as though / If I + were (काल्पनिक बात, सभी persons के साथ) | I wish I were a bird. · He talks as if he were a king. · If I were you, I would go. |
| 9 | बीते समय की अधूरी इच्छा: wish + had + V3 | I wish I had worked hard. (काश मैंने मेहनत की होती) |
| 10 | so that + may / can (present) · might / could (past) | We eat so that we may live. · He ran so that he might catch the bus. |
| 11 | than / as की तुलना में अर्थ के अनुसार tense | I knew him better than you did. · He likes you more than I do. |
No sooner → than (sooner comparative है, इसलिए than) · Hardly / Scarcely → when (या before)। ✗ No sooner … when · ✗ Hardly … than
इन शब्दों से वाक्य शुरू हो तो had subject से पहले (inversion)।
इन शब्दों से वाक्य शुरू हो तो had subject से पहले (inversion)।
Unless = if … not — इसलिए unless के साथ "not" नहीं:
✗ Unless you do not work hard, you will fail. → ✓ Unless you work hard, you will fail.
✗ Unless you do not work hard, you will fail. → ✓ Unless you work hard, you will fail.
"No sooner had I reached ___ it started raining" (than) · "It is high time you ___ your habits" (changed) · "If I ___ a king, I would help the poor" (were) · "Spot the error: Ten years have passed since he has died" (died) · "He said that the earth ___ round" (is)
शर्त वाले वाक्य, wish, as if Conditionals · wish · as if · would rather
| प्रकार | कब | If-वाक्य | मुख्य वाक्य | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 0 | सामान्य सत्य | present | present | If you heat ice, it melts. |
| Type 1 | संभव भविष्य | present | will + V1 | If it rains, we will stay at home. |
| Type 2 | काल्पनिक (अभी / आगे) | past (were) | would + V1 | If I were rich, I would buy a car. · If I knew his address, I would write. |
| Type 3 | बीती बात, जो नहीं हुई | had + V3 | would have + V3 | If you had worked hard, you would have passed. |
| were to | बहुत कम संभावना | were to + V1 | would + V1 | If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be cancelled. |
✗ If I would have known, I would have come. → ✓ If I had known, I would have come.
✗ If I will see him, I will tell him. → ✓ If I see him … · ✗ If I was you … → ✓ If I were you … (परीक्षा का रूप)
आम तौर पर / परीक्षा में If-वाक्य में will / would नहीं। अपवाद — विनम्र निवेदन: If you will wait, I'll call him.
✗ If I will see him, I will tell him. → ✓ If I see him … · ✗ If I was you … → ✓ If I were you … (परीक्षा का रूप)
आम तौर पर / परीक्षा में If-वाक्य में will / would नहीं। अपवाद — विनम्र निवेदन: If you will wait, I'll call him.
Inversion (if हटाकर): Had I known = If I had known · Were I rich = If I were rich · Should you need help = If you need help। पूरा नियम अध्याय 15 (Conditionals & Inversion) में।
wish, as if, would rather, it's time (past रूप, पर अर्थ वर्तमान / काल्पनिक)
| ढाँचा | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| wish + past (were) | अभी की अधूरी इच्छा | I wish I were rich. · I wish I knew the answer. |
| wish + had + V3 | बीती बात का पछतावा | I wish I had listened to you. |
| wish + would + V1 | किसी और का व्यवहार बदले | I wish he would stop shouting. |
| as if / as though + past / had + V3 | मानो (असल में नहीं) | He talks as if he knew everything. · He looked as if he had seen a ghost. |
| would rather + V1 · would rather + subject + past | अपनी पसंद · दूसरे से चाहना | I would rather stay at home. · I would rather you went now. (✗ you go) |
| It is (high) time + subject + past | अब तो करना चाहिए था | It is high time we left. · It is time you went to bed. |
"If I ___ a bird, I would fly" (were) · "Spot the error: If he would have worked hard, he would have passed" (had worked) · "If you heat water, it ___" (boils) · "I would rather you ___ tomorrow" (came) · "I wish I ___ to the party yesterday" (had gone)
Tense की आम गलतियाँ Common Tense Errors
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम |
|---|---|---|
| ✗ I am knowing him for five years. | ✓ I have known him for five years. | Stative verb + अवधि → Present Perfect |
| ✗ He is living here since 2015. · It is raining since morning. | ✓ He has been living … · It has been raining … | since / for + अब तक जारी → Perf. Cont. |
| ✗ I have seen him yesterday. | ✓ I saw him yesterday. | yesterday, ago, last → Simple Past |
| ✗ When have you come? | ✓ When did you come? | When वाले प्रश्न में Present Perfect नहीं |
| ✗ He did not went. · Does he goes? | ✓ He did not go. · Does he go? | do / does / did + V1 |
| ✗ ill since three days · here since five years · for 2010 | ✓ for three days · for five years · since 2010 | अवधि → for · समय-बिंदु → since |
| ✗ When he will come, I will tell him. | ✓ When he comes, I will tell him. | time clause में will नहीं |
| ✗ He was died in 2001. · He has been died. | ✓ He died in 2001. · He has died / is dead. | die intransitive — passive नहीं |
| ✗ I have went there. | ✓ I have gone there. | has / have + V3 |
| ✗ The train left before I had reached. | ✓ The train had left before I reached. | पहला काम → had + V3 |
| ✗ I am having a doubt. · He is resembling his father. | ✓ I have a doubt. · He resembles his father. | stative verb continuous में नहीं |
| ✗ He came and sees me. | ✓ He came and saw me. | and से जुड़े verbs एक ही tense में |
| ✗ This is the first time I see him. | ✓ This is the first time I have seen him. | the first time … → Present Perfect |
| ✗ He has gone to Delhi twice. | ✓ He has been to Delhi twice. | अनुभव (लौट आया) → has been to |
| ✗ He said that he will come. | ✓ He said that he would come. | past के बाद past |
| ✗ If I would have known, … | ✓ If I had known, … | If-वाक्य में would नहीं |
high time we go, since he has died, Unless … not, No sooner … when — ये गलतियाँ "Tenses का क्रम" तालिका में हैं; stative verbs की पूरी सूची अगले पेज पर।
"Spot the error: He came and tells me the news" (told) · "Spot the error: I have met him last week" (met) · "Spot the error: It is raining since morning" · "If he ___ (come), I will give him the book" (comes) · "Spot the error: Unless you do not hurry, you will miss the bus"
Stative Verbs और अभ्यास Stative Verbs · Practice
Stative verbs (स्थिति वाले verbs — continuous में नहीं)
| समूह | Verbs |
|---|---|
| मन / सोच | know, believe, understand, think (= राय), suppose, remember, forget, realise, recognise, doubt, mean |
| भावना / चाह | like, love, hate, dislike, prefer, want, wish, need, mind, desire |
| इंद्रियाँ (अपने आप) | see, hear, smell, taste, feel (= महसूस होना) |
| अधिकार | have (= रखना), own, possess, belong, owe |
| अन्य | seem, appear (= लगना), resemble, contain, consist, include, cost, weigh (= वज़न होना), matter, deserve, suit, fit, agree |
✗ I am knowing him. → ✓ I know him. · ✗ This box is containing sweets. → ✓ contains · ✗ I am having a car / a doubt. → ✓ I have a car / a doubt. · ✗ He is resembling his father. → ✓ resembles
इंद्रिय + "अभी" = can + V1: I can see a bird. (✗ I am seeing a bird) · I can hear music. · Can you smell gas?
काम (action) का अर्थ हो तो continuous ठीक: I am thinking about it (सोच रहा) — पर I think he is right (राय) · She is tasting the soup — पर The soup tastes good · I am having lunch (खा रहा) · I am seeing the doctor today (मिलना) · He is weighing the bag (तौल रहा)
सही tense भरो: 1. I ___ (wait) for you since 9 o'clock. → have been waiting · 2. She ___ (live) in Patna for ten years and still lives there. → has lived / has been living · 3. When I reached, they ___ (leave). → had left · 4. Water ___ (boil) at 100 °C. → boils · 5. Look! The children ___ (play). → are playing · 6. I ___ (see) him two days ago. → saw · 7. By next year, he ___ (complete) the course. → will have completed
"Spot the error: I am understanding your problem" · "I ___ a strange noise; what is it? (can hear / am hearing)" · "She has been ill ___ Monday" (since) · "Spot the error: This bag is belonging to me" (belongs) · "He ___ his mother (resembles / is resembling)"