Chapter 9 · Grammar
क्रिया-विशेषण और उसके प्रकार
Adverb — Kinds & FormationAdverb = वह शब्द जो verb, adjective, दूसरे adverb या पूरे वाक्य की विशेषता बताए। He runs fast (verb) · very good (adjective) · quite slowly (adverb) · Luckily, he passed (वाक्य)।
| प्रकार | प्रश्न | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Time | कब? | now, then, today, yesterday, soon, already, yet, still, ago, before, lately, early, late |
| Frequency | कितनी बार? | always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, daily, frequently |
| Number | कितनी बार / कौन-सा क्रम? | once, twice, thrice, firstly, secondly, lastly |
| Place | कहाँ? | here, there, everywhere, inside, outside, up, down, near, far, away, abroad, home |
| Manner | कैसे? | slowly, quickly, well, badly, carefully, happily, hard, fast, loudly |
| Degree / Quantity | कितना? | very, too, quite, almost, nearly, enough, fairly, rather, much, so, extremely, hardly, fully |
| Affirmation / Negation | हाँ / नहीं | yes, certainly, surely, indeed, of course · no, not, never |
| Reason / Result | क्यों / इसलिए | therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently |
| Interrogative | प्रश्न | When will you come? · Where do you live? · Why are you late? · How did he do it? |
| Relative | दो वाक्य जोड़े | This is the place where I was born. · Tell me the reason why you left. |
| Sentence adverb | पूरे वाक्य पर राय | fortunately, luckily, unfortunately, probably, perhaps, clearly, frankly |
Adverb या Adjective? noun / pronoun की विशेषता → adjective (a fast train) · verb / adjective / adverb की विशेषता → adverb (He runs fast)। Linking verb (look, seem, feel, smell, taste, become) के बाद adjective: She looks sad (✗ sadly) — अध्याय 7।
"He seldom comes here — kind of adverb" (Frequency) · "Identify the adverb: She sings very sweetly" (very, sweetly) · "Why are you late? — 'Why' is a —" (Interrogative adverb) · "This is the house ___ he lives (one word)" (where)
Adverb बनाना और तुलना Formation · Degrees of Adverbs
Adverb बनाना (Adjective + ly)
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| सामान्य: + ly | quick → quickly · slow → slowly · careful → carefully (ll) · real → really |
| व्यंजन + y → ily | happy → happily · easy → easily · busy → busily · heavy → heavily |
| -le → -ly | gentle → gently · simple → simply · possible → possibly · humble → humbly |
| -ic → -ically (अपवाद: public → publicly) | basic → basically · scientific → scientifically · tragic → tragically |
| e हटाकर | true → truly · due → duly · whole → wholly (✗ truely, wholely) |
| -ly वाले adjective (adverb नहीं बनते) | friendly, lovely, lonely, ugly, silly, cowardly, costly, lively, elderly → in a friendly way / manner (✗ He spoke friendly) · अपवाद — adjective भी, adverb भी: daily, weekly, monthly, hourly, early; likely adverb भी (very likely, most likely) |
Adverb की तुलना (Degrees)
| नियम | Positive → Comparative → Superlative |
|---|---|
| Flat adverbs (adjective जैसा रूप) — fast, hard, late, early · और soon: -er, -est | fast faster fastest · hard harder hardest · soon sooner soonest · late later latest · early earlier earliest |
| -ly वाले: more, most | quickly more quickly most quickly (✗ quicklier) · carefully more carefully most carefully |
| Irregular | well better best · badly worse worst · much more most · little less least · far farther / further farthest / furthest |
✗ He ran more fast than me. → ✓ faster · ✗ She sings more better. → ✓ better · ✗ He worked hardlier. → ✓ harder · ✗ He spoke more loud. → ✓ more loudly / louder
"Spot the error: He behaved friendly with me" (in a friendly manner) · "Adverb of true / gentle / happy / whole" (truly / gently / happily / wholly) · "Superlative of badly / well" (worst / best) · "Comparative of early" (earlier) · "Spot the spelling error: truely" (truly)
Adverb की जगह Position of Adverbs
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Manner, place, time — verb (और object) के बाद, क्रम M → P → T | She sang beautifully (M) at the party (P) last night (T). |
| 2 | गति वाले verbs (go, come, run) के साथ place पहले | He went home quickly. · She came here yesterday. |
| 3 | Adverb verb और object के बीच नहीं | He speaks English very well. (✗ speaks very well English) · I like tea very much. (✗ like very much tea) |
| 4 | Frequency (always, often, never, seldom, usually) — main verb से पहले, पर be-verb के बाद और पहले auxiliary के बाद | He always comes late. · He is always late. · He has never seen a lion. · You should always obey. |
| 5 | enough — adjective / adverb के बाद; noun के पहले | good enough · fast enough (✗ enough fast) · enough money |
| 6 | only — जिस शब्द पर असर हो, ठीक उसके पहले (जगह बदली → अर्थ बदला) | Only I saw him (और किसी ने नहीं) · I only saw him (बात नहीं की) · I saw only him (और किसी को नहीं) |
| 7 | Negative adverb वाक्य की शुरुआत में → inversion (auxiliary subject से पहले) | Never have I seen such a sight. · Seldom does he come late. · Not only did he abuse me … (पूरा नियम: अध्याय 15) |
| 8 | Double negative नहीं — hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely, never पहले से नकारात्मक | ✗ I hardly never go → ✓ hardly ever · ✗ He did not say nothing → ✓ anything · ✗ He can't hardly walk → ✓ He can hardly walk |
| 9 | ago = आज से पहले (simple past) · before = किसी बीते समय से पहले (past perfect) / अकेला | He left two years ago. · He said he had left two years before. · I have seen him before. |
| 10 | also बीच में · too / as well अंत में (हाँ वाले वाक्य) · either अंत में (नहीं वाले वाक्य) | He also came. · He came too. · I don't like it either. (✗ I don't like it too) |
| 11 | already (हाँ, बीच में) · yet (नहीं / प्रश्न, अंत में) · still (अब भी जारी) | He has already left. · He has not left yet. · He is still sleeping. |
| 12 | very much verb के साथ अंत में; "very" अकेला verb के साथ नहीं | I like it very much. (✗ I very like it) · Thank you very much. |
✗ He speaks fluently Hindi. → ✓ He speaks Hindi fluently. · ✗ She comes always late. → ✓ She always comes late.
✗ He is enough tall to reach. → ✓ tall enough · ✗ Seldom he goes out. → ✓ Seldom does he go out. · ✗ I scarcely did not sleep. → ✓ I scarcely slept.
✗ He is enough tall to reach. → ✓ tall enough · ✗ Seldom he goes out. → ✓ Seldom does he go out. · ✗ I scarcely did not sleep. → ✓ I scarcely slept.
"Spot the error: He reads carefully the book" (reads the book carefully) · "Never ___ such a beautiful place (I have seen / have I seen)" (have I seen) · "He hasn't come ___ (yet / already)" (yet) · "She doesn't like coffee, and I don't ___" (either)
भ्रम वाले Adverb Confusing Adverbs — too / very, hard / hardly …
| जोड़ी | अंतर | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| too / very | too = ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा (नकारात्मक, अक्सर + to) · very = बहुत | The tea is too hot to drink. · He is very honest. (परीक्षा में ✗ He is too honest — too नकारात्मक अर्थ देता है; पर too + adjective + to ठीक: too happy to care) |
| too much / much too | too much + noun · much too + adjective | too much sugar · much too heavy (✗ too much heavy) |
| very / much | very + positive, present participle · much + comparative, past participle (verb अर्थ में) | very good · very interesting · much better · much praised · (आम adjective: very tired, very pleased) |
| enough | adjective / adverb के बाद · noun के पहले | old enough to vote · enough food (✗ enough old) |
| hard / hardly | hard = मेहनत से, ज़ोर से · hardly = मुश्किल से, लगभग नहीं | He works hard. · He hardly works. (= लगभग काम नहीं करता) · It rained hard. |
| late / lately | late = देर से · lately = हाल ही में (present perfect के साथ) | He came late. · I have not seen him lately. |
| fast (✗ fastly) | adjective और adverb दोनों — रूप एक | a fast train · He runs fast. |
| early (✗ earlily) | adjective और adverb दोनों | an early train · He gets up early. |
| well | good का adverb (अच्छी तरह) · adjective = स्वस्थ | She sings well. (✗ sings good) · I am well now. |
| near / nearly | near = पास · nearly = लगभग | Come near. · It is nearly ten o'clock. |
| high / highly | high = ऊँचाई पर · highly = बहुत अधिक | The kite flew high. · He is highly educated. |
| deep / deeply · close / closely | दूरी / स्थान · भाव / ध्यान से | dig deep · deeply moved · stand close · watch closely |
| most / mostly · free / freely | most = सबसे · mostly = अधिकतर · free = बिना पैसे · freely = खुलकर | What I like most … · We mostly eat rice. · Children travel free. · Speak freely. |
| quite | काफ़ी (fairly) · बिल्कुल (completely) | quite good · You are quite right. |
too + adjective + to = इतना … कि नहीं: He is too weak to walk. = He is so weak that he cannot walk. (too … to में "not" नहीं जोड़ते)
"He is ___ honest; everyone trusts him (too / very)" (very) · "Spot the error: The box is too much heavy" (much too heavy) · "He ___ ever comes to the office (hardly / hard)" (hardly) · "Spot the error: She drives fastly" (fast) · "She plays the sitar ___ (good / well)" (well) · "Have you met him ___? (late / lately)" (lately)
Adverb — तुलना के ढाँचे, खास प्रयोग Adverbs — Comparison Structures · Special Uses
| ढाँचा | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| than · as … as · not so / not as … as | He runs faster than I. · She sings as sweetly as her sister. · He did not work so hard as you. |
| The + comparative …, the + comparative | The harder you work, the better you will do. |
| much / far / a lot + comparative · by far + superlative · very + comparative ✗ | He drives much faster now. (✗ very faster) · She sings by far the best. · the very best · much the best |
| less / least (more / most का उल्टा) | He works less carefully than his brother. · She spoke least of all. |
| शब्द | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| almost / most | almost = लगभग (adverb) · most = अधिकांश | almost everyone · almost all (✗ most everyone, ✗ most all) · Most people agree. |
| almost / nearly | दोनों = लगभग; पर nobody / nothing / never के साथ सिर्फ़ almost | almost nobody (✗ nearly nobody) · nearly / almost ten o'clock |
| enough … to ⇄ so … that … can | "काफ़ी" — सकारात्मक | He is strong enough to lift it. = He is so strong that he can lift it. |
| too … to ⇄ so … that … cannot | "ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा" — नकारात्मक | He is too weak to walk. = He is so weak that he cannot walk. |
| ago / since | It is … since + past = … ago | It is two years since he left. = He left two years ago. (✗ It is two years ago since …) |
| just / just now | just + present perfect · just now + simple past | He has just come. · He came just now. (अध्याय 8) |
| quite / rather / fairly / pretty | "काफ़ी" — quite a (✗ a quite good) · rather: a rather good boy / rather a good boy दोनों · अकेले noun से पहले: rather a pity | He is quite a good boy. · It is rather a pity. · fairly good · pretty difficult |
| ever | प्रश्न, नकार और hardly / scarcely के साथ "कभी" | Have you ever been to Goa? · He hardly ever smiles. |
| hardly / scarcely / barely + any / ever / anybody | पहले से नकारात्मक — no / never / nobody नहीं | I have hardly any money. (✗ hardly no) · Scarcely anybody came. · He barely ever calls. |
| so / such | so + adjective / adverb · such + (a) + adjective + noun (अध्याय 5) | He ran so fast that … · It was such a fine day. |
"She dances ___ better than her sister (very / much)" (much) · "___ everyone was present (Almost / Most)" (Almost) · "Spot the error: I have hardly no time" (hardly any)
और Adverb जोड़े, Sentence Adverb More Flat Adverbs & -ly Pairs · Sentence Adverbs
| जोड़ी | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| wide / widely | पूरा खोलना / बहुत लोगों में | Open your mouth wide. · He is widely known. |
| short / shortly | अचानक रुकना / जल्दी ही (soon) | He stopped short. · He will arrive shortly. |
| just / justly | अभी-अभी, बिल्कुल / न्याय से | He has just left. · He was justly punished. |
| pretty / prettily | काफ़ी / सुंदर ढंग से | It is pretty cold. · She was prettily dressed. |
| sure / surely · real / really | adjective / adverb | I am sure. · He will surely come. (✗ He sure came) · It is really good. (✗ real good) |
| direct / directly | सीधा रास्ते से / तुरंत, सीधे तौर पर | Go direct to Delhi. · He replied directly. |
| loud / loudly · cheap / cheaply · sharp / sharply | talk loud, drive slow, come quick — बोलचाल; परीक्षा में विकल्प हो तो loudly, slowly, quickly चुनो · अपवाद: sharp = ठीक समय पर (at six sharp) — यहाँ -ly नहीं | He spoke loudly. · He sold it cheaply. · Come at six sharp (ठीक छह बजे). · She replied sharply. |
| right / rightly · wrong / wrongly | सही तरह / उचित ही · गलत तरह / अन्यायपूर्वक | Do it right. · He was rightly praised. · You spelt it wrong. · He was wrongly accused. |
| dear / dearly · tight / tightly | महँगा / बहुत (प्यार) · कसकर | It cost him dear. · He loves her dearly. · Hold it tight / tightly. |
Sentence adverbs और बीच वाली जगह
| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| perhaps, probably, certainly, surely, definitely — main verb से पहले, be / पहले auxiliary के बाद (perhaps अक्सर शुरू में) | He is probably late. · He will certainly come. · Perhaps he is ill. |
| sometimes, usually, often — बीच में, पर शुरू या अंत में भी | Sometimes I walk to school. · I walk to school sometimes. |
| never, seldom, hardly, rarely, always — अंत में नहीं | He never smokes. (✗ He smokes never.) · शुरू में हों तो inversion: Seldom does he smoke. |
"The minister will arrive ___ (short / shortly)" (shortly) · "He was ___ punished for his crime (just / justly)" (justly) · "Spot the error: He smokes never" (never smokes) · "The film was ___ good (real / really)" (really) · "The meeting starts at 10 ___ (sharp / sharply)" (sharp)