Chapter 7 · Grammar
क्रिया और उसके प्रकार
Verb — Main, Auxiliary, Transitive, LinkingVerb = वह शब्द जो काम करना (run, write) या होना / स्थिति (is, seem, have) बताए।
Main (Principal) Verbमुख्य काम बताता है, अकेला भी आ सकता है।
He writes a letter. · They play.
He writes a letter. · They play.
Auxiliary (Helping) VerbMain verb की मदद करके tense, प्रश्न, नकार, voice बनाता है।
He is writing. · Do you know? · It was done.
He is writing. · Do you know? · It was done.
| Auxiliary के प्रकार |
|---|
| Primary (3): be (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) · do (do, does, did) · have (has, have, had) |
| Modal: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to · semi-modals: need, dare, used to |
Primary auxiliary main verb भी बन सकते हैं: He has a car (main — रखना) · He has gone (auxiliary) · She is a teacher (main — होना) · I did my homework (main — करना) · I did not go (auxiliary)
Object के आधार पर (Transitive / Intransitive)
| प्रकार | पहचान | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Transitive (सकर्मक) | Object चाहिए — verb से "क्या / किसे?" पूछो, उत्तर मिले | He reads a book. · She loves her mother. |
| Intransitive (अकर्मक) | Object नहीं; अर्थ अपने में पूरा | The baby sleeps. · Birds fly. · He died. · The sun rises. |
| दोनों तरह | एक ही verb, अर्थ के अनुसार | He runs fast (Intr.) · He runs a shop (Tr.) |
| दो object — Ditransitive (द्विकर्मक) | Indirect (व्यक्ति) + Direct (वस्तु) | He gave me (indirect) a pen (direct). · She told us a story. |
| Cognate object (सजातीय कर्म) | Intransitive verb के साथ उसी अर्थ का noun | He lived a happy life. · She sang a sweet song. · They fought a brave fight. |
Intransitive verb का passive नहीं बनता: ✗ He was died. → ✓ He died. · ✗ The accident was happened. → ✓ The accident happened. (die, happen, occur, arrive, sleep, go, come, exist, appear)
"He has two sons — 'has' is a — verb" (Main) · "Identify the transitive verb" · "She sang a sweet song — 'song' is a — object" (Cognate) · "Spot the error: The incident was occurred last night" (occurred)
Linking Verbs और क्रिया के रूप Linking Verbs · Verb Forms V1–V5
Linking Verbs (जोड़ने वाली क्रियाएँ)
Subject + Linking verb + Complement (adjective / noun) — linking verbs: be, become, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, taste, sound, grow, turn, get, remain, prove
She looks happy (✗ happily). · The milk turned sour. · He became a doctor. · It grew dark. · The food tastes good (✗ well). · He remained silent.
पर action का अर्थ हो तो adverb: She looked at me angrily. · He tasted the soup carefully.
पर action का अर्थ हो तो adverb: She looked at me angrily. · He tasted the soup carefully.
क्रिया के रूप (V1 – V5)
| V1 Base | V2 Past | V3 Past Participle | V4 Present Participle (-ing) | V5 (-s / -es) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| write | wrote | written | writing | writes |
| play | played | played | playing | plays |
| V1: I/you/we/they + simple present, modal के बाद · V2: simple past · V3: perfect tenses और passive · V4: continuous tenses · V5: he/she/it + simple present | ||||
Regular verb = V2, V3 में -ed / -d: play → played · love → loved · stop → stopped (एक स्वर + एक व्यंजन: दोगुना) · cry → cried (व्यंजन + y) · prefer → preferred · visit → visited
-ing बनाना: write → writing (e हटाओ) · run → running · lie → lying · die → dying · see → seeing · -s/-es: go → goes · watch → watches · try → tries · play → plays
| व्यंजन दोगुना करें या नहीं? (Spelling rules) | |
|---|---|
| ज़ोर (stress) आख़िरी syllable पर → दोगुना | begin → beginning · prefer → preferred · occur → occurred · admit → admitted · forget → forgetting |
| ज़ोर पहले syllable पर → दोगुना नहीं | visit → visiting · open → opened · enter → entered · offer → offered · happen → happened |
| l पर ख़त्म: British English में दोगुना | travel → travelled / travelling (AmE: traveled) · cancel → cancelled · quarrel → quarrelled |
| -ic पर ख़त्म: c → ck | picnic → picnicked · panic → panicked · mimic → mimicking |
किसके बाद कौन-सा रूप? do / does / did + V1: ✗ Does he goes? → ✓ Does he go? · ✗ He did not came. → ✓ did not come · Modal + V1: ✗ He can swims. → ✓ can swim · to + V1: ✗ to went → ✓ to go · has / have / had + V3: has written · be + V4 (continuous) या V3 (passive): is writing / is written
"She looks ___ (happy / happily)" · "-ing form of lie / die / run" (lying / dying / running) · "Which is a linking verb? seem / run / eat / write" (seem) · "Past form of prefer / cry / stop"
Irregular Verbs Irregular Verbs — V1 · V2 · V3
Irregular verbs के V2, V3 में -ed नहीं लगता — इन्हें समूह में याद करो। (ABB समूह में दो रूप लिखे = V2 और V3 दोनों एक जैसे) · * read: spelling एक, उच्चारण रीड – रेड – रेड
| समूह | V1 – V2 – V3 |
|---|---|
| तीनों एक जैसे (AAA) | cut · put · hit · hurt · let · set · shut · cost · burst · spread · cast · bet · quit · read* · broadcast |
| V2 = V3 (ABB) | bring–brought–brought · buy–bought · catch–caught · teach–taught · think–thought · seek–sought · fight–fought · sell–sold · tell–told · feel–felt · keep–kept · sleep–slept · leave–left · lose–lost · find–found · hold–held · sit–sat · stand–stood · win–won · meet–met · lead–led · lend–lent · send–sent · spend–spent · build–built · pay–paid · say–said · strike–struck · dig–dug · shine–shone · feed–fed · hear–heard · make–made · understand–understood · mean–meant · bind–bound · bleed–bled · bend–bent · deal–dealt · flee–fled · shoot–shot · slide–slid · stick–stuck · sweep–swept · weep–wept · spin–spun · swing–swung · sting–stung · cling–clung · creep–crept · get–got (AmE V3: gotten) |
| V1 = V3 (ABA) | come–came–come · become–became–become · run–ran–run · overcome–overcame–overcome |
| तीनों अलग (ABC) | go–went–gone · do–did–done · see–saw–seen · write–wrote–written · take–took–taken · give–gave–given · eat–ate–eaten · drive–drove–driven · ride–rode–ridden · rise–rose–risen · choose–chose–chosen · speak–spoke–spoken · break–broke–broken · steal–stole–stolen · freeze–froze–frozen · forget–forgot–forgotten · forbid–forbade–forbidden · hide–hid–hidden · bite–bit–bitten · shake–shook–shaken · fall–fell–fallen · show–showed–shown · wake–woke–woken · beat–beat–beaten · forgive–forgave–forgiven · mistake–mistook–mistaken · undergo–underwent–undergone · arise–arose–arisen · withdraw–withdrew–withdrawn · sow–sowed–sown · sew–sewed–sewn · prove–proved–proved / proven |
| i – a – u | begin–began–begun · drink–drank–drunk · sing–sang–sung · swim–swam–swum · ring–rang–rung · sink–sank–sunk · shrink–shrank–shrunk · spring–sprang–sprung |
| -ew – -own | know–knew–known · grow–grew–grown · throw–threw–thrown · blow–blew–blown · fly–flew–flown · draw–drew–drawn |
| दोनों रूप (-t / -ed) | learn–learnt / learned · dream–dreamt / dreamed · lean–leant / leaned · leap–leapt / leaped · spell–spelt / spelled · burn–burnt / burned · smell–smelt / smelled · light–lit / lighted |
| -ore – -orn | wear–wore–worn · tear–tore–torn · swear–swore–sworn · bear–bore–borne/born |
"Choose the correct form: He has ___ (wrote / written) a letter" · "Past participle of swim / sing / begin" (swum / sung / begun) · "Spot the error: The water pipe has bursted" (burst) · "Spot the error: She has forgot her book" (forgotten) · "V3 of flee / sting / sow" (fled / stung / sown)
भ्रम वाली क्रियाएँ Confusing Verb Pairs
| Verb | अर्थ | V1 – V2 – V3 | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| lie (Intr.) | लेटना / पड़ा होना | lie – lay – lain (lying) | He lay on the bed. · The book is lying on the table. |
| lie (Intr.) | झूठ बोलना | lie – lied – lied (lying) | He lied to me. |
| lay (Tr.) | रखना / अंडा देना | lay – laid – laid | She laid the book on the table. · The hen laid an egg. |
| rise (Intr.) | उठना / उगना | rise – rose – risen | The sun rises in the east. · Prices have risen. |
| raise (Tr.) | उठाना / बढ़ाना | raise – raised – raised | Raise your hand. · They raised the price. |
| sit (Intr.) / seat (Tr.) | बैठना / बैठाना | sit sat sat · seat seated seated | Please sit down. · Please be seated. · He seated himself. |
| hang | लटकाना / टाँगना | hang – hung – hung | He hung the picture on the wall. |
| hang | फाँसी देना | hang – hanged – hanged | The murderer was hanged. |
| fall / fell | गिरना / (पेड़) काटना | fall fell fallen · fell felled felled | Leaves fall in autumn. · They felled the trees. |
| find / found | पाना / स्थापना करना | find found found · found founded founded | I found my pen. · He founded a school in 1990. |
| wind / wound | लपेटना, चाबी देना / घायल करना | wind wound wound · wound wounded wounded | He wound the clock. · The soldier was wounded. |
| fly / flow | उड़ना / बहना | fly flew flown · flow flowed flowed | Birds flew away. · The river flowed fast. |
| bear | सहना, ढोना / जन्म देना | bear – bore – borne / born | He has borne the loss. · He was born in 1990. (born सिर्फ़ जन्म के passive में) |
lie / lay: lay के बाद हमेशा object (क्या रखा?) — lay the book. lie का कोई object नहीं — lie down. ध्यान: lie (लेटना) का V2 भी "lay" है!
rise / raise, sit / seat: "a" वाला (raise, seat, lay) = Transitive — किसी और को उठाना/बैठाना/रखना।
✗ He laid on the grass. → ✓ He lay on the grass. · ✗ The sun has raised. → ✓ has risen
✗ The thief was hung. → ✓ was hanged · ✗ He finded a purse. → ✓ found · ✗ Gandhiji was borne in 1869. → ✓ born
✗ The thief was hung. → ✓ was hanged · ✗ He finded a purse. → ✓ found · ✗ Gandhiji was borne in 1869. → ✓ born
"The hen has ___ an egg (laid / lain)" · "He ___ in bed all day yesterday (lay / laid)" · "Spot the error: The criminal was hung at dawn" · "Who ___ this college? (founded / found)" · "Please ___ your hand if you know the answer (raise / rise)"
भ्रम वाली क्रियाएँ — 2 Confusing Verbs — Meaning Pairs
| जोड़ी | अंतर | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| say / tell | say + (to + व्यक्ति) · tell + व्यक्ति (सीधा object) | He said to me / He told me (✗ He said me) · tell a lie / a story / the truth |
| speak / talk | speak = बोलना (भाषा, औपचारिक) · talk = बातचीत करना | She speaks English well. · We talked to our friends. |
| do / make | do = काम, कर्तव्य · make = बनाना, पैदा करना | do homework / duty / a favour / good · make tea / a mistake / a noise / money / progress / a promise |
| borrow / lend | borrow = उधार लेना (from) · lend = उधार देना (to) | I borrowed a pen from him. · Please lend me your pen. (✗ borrow me) |
| bring / take / fetch | bring = यहाँ लाना · take = वहाँ ले जाना · fetch = जाकर लाना | Bring your book here. · Take this letter to the office. · Fetch some water. |
| learn / teach | learn = सीखना · teach = सिखाना | He taught me English. (✗ learnt me) |
| hear / listen | hear = सुनाई देना (अपने आप) · listen to = ध्यान से सुनना | I heard a noise. · Listen to me. (✗ listen me) |
| see / look / watch | see = दिखना · look at = ध्यान से देखना · watch = चलती चीज़ कुछ देर देखना | I saw a bird. · Look at the board. · We watched the match. |
| steal / rob | steal + वस्तु · rob + व्यक्ति / जगह (of + वस्तु) | He stole my watch. · They robbed the bank. · He robbed me of my watch. (✗ stole me) |
| beat / defeat / win | beat, defeat + विरोधी · win + मैच / इनाम | India beat Australia. · India won the match. (✗ India won Australia) |
| wear / put on | wear = पहने रहना (दशा) · put on = पहनना (काम) | She is wearing a red saree. · He put on his coat and left. |
| flee / fly / flow | flee–fled–fled = भागना · fly–flew–flown = उड़ना · flow–flowed–flowed = बहना | The thief fled. (✗ flew) · The bird flew away. · The river flowed fast. |
| wake / awake | wake–woke–woken · awake–awoke–awoken · awake = जागा हुआ (adjective) | I woke up at six. · Is he awake? |
| arise / rise / raise | arise = (समस्या, प्रश्न) पैदा होना · rise = उठना (Intr.) · raise = उठाना (Tr.) | A problem arose. · The sun rose. · He raised a question. |
| eat / feed | eat–ate–eaten = खाना · feed–fed–fed = खिलाना | The baby ate rice. · She fed the baby. |
"He ___ me that he was ill (said / told)" · "Can you ___ me your bicycle? (borrow / lend)" · "Spot the error: The thieves stole the old man of his money" (robbed) · "Pakistan ___ the match (won / beat)" · "He ___ many mistakes (did / made)"
Verb के साथ सही ढाँचा Verb Patterns — Preposition, Reflexive, Ergative
इन Transitive verbs के बाद preposition नहीं (सीधा object)
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | ✗ गलत | ✓ सही |
|---|---|---|---|
| reached to Delhi | reached Delhi | discuss about the plan | discuss the plan |
| resembles with his father | resembles his father | married with a doctor | married a doctor (पर: is married to) |
| entered into the room | entered the room (पर: enter into an agreement) | ordered for a book | ordered a book (पर: placed an order for) |
| attacked on the enemy | attacked the enemy | approached to the officer | approached the officer |
| answer to the question | answer the question (noun: the answer to the question ✓) | comprises of five rooms | comprises five rooms / consists of |
| describe about the place | describe the place | accompanied with me | accompanied me |
| emphasised on it | emphasised it (पर: laid emphasis on) | requested for help | requested help (पर: made a request for) |
Verb के बाद आने वाले सही preposition (agree with / to, depend on, consist of …) की पूरी सूची अध्याय 10 (Preposition) में।
Reflexive object ज़रूरी: enjoy oneself · avail oneself of · absent oneself from · pride oneself on · amuse oneself · apply oneself to
✗ We enjoyed at the party. → ✓ We enjoyed ourselves. · ✗ He absented from class → ✓ absented himself
✗ We enjoyed at the party. → ✓ We enjoyed ourselves. · ✗ He absented from class → ✓ absented himself
व्यक्ति से पहले "to": explain, describe, suggest, say, announce, reply, propose, introduce + (वस्तु) + to + व्यक्ति
✗ He explained me the rule. → ✓ He explained the rule to me. · ✗ He said me → ✓ said to me / told me
✗ He explained me the rule. → ✓ He explained the rule to me. · ✗ He said me → ✓ said to me / told me
दो object वाले verbs: He bought me a book = He bought a book for me (buy, make, get, cook → for) · He gave me a book = He gave a book to me (give, send, show, lend, offer, pay → to)
"Spot the error: We reached to the station late" · "Spot the error: Let us discuss about this matter" · "Spot the error: He explained me the problem" · "Avail ___ of this opportunity" (yourself) · "He bought a gift ___ his sister" (for)
Verb — और नियम Ergative Verbs · Verb Formation · V2 / V3 Errors
Ergative verbs (एक ही verb — Tr. भी, Intr. भी)
open, close, break, burn, melt, sink, change, start, stop, move, increase, boil — He opened the door (Tr.) · The door opened (Intr.) · The sun melted the ice · The ice melted. Intr. वाले वाक्य में passive नहीं।
Verb बनाना (Formation)
| -en: short → shorten · wide → widen · deep → deepen · sharp → sharpen · strength → strengthen · length → lengthen · threat → threaten | -ify: simple → simplify · pure → purify · class → classify · beauty → beautify · solid → solidify |
| -ise / -ize: modern → modernise · critic → criticise · sympathy → sympathise · real → realise · popular → popularise | en- / be-: rich → enrich · large → enlarge · courage → encourage · danger → endanger · able → enable · friend → befriend · little → belittle |
V2 और V3 की गलती: ✗ He has went → ✓ has gone · ✗ I have drank → ✓ have drunk · ✗ The bell has rang → ✓ has rung · ✗ He drunk milk yesterday → ✓ drank
सही रूप भरो: He has ___ (go) home. → gone · The glass was ___ (break). → broken · She ___ (sing) a song yesterday. → sang · I have ___ (see) this film. → seen · The sun has ___ (rise). → risen · The bird has ___ (fly) away. → flown
"Verb form of wide / pure / courage" (widen / purify / encourage) · "Spot the error: The door was opened by itself" (opened) · "Spot the error: I have drank milk" (drunk) · "Fill in: The ship ___ (sink) last night" (sank)
Modal Verbs Modals — Uses & Rules
| Modal | प्रयोग | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| can | क्षमता · अनौपचारिक अनुमति · संभावना | I can swim. · You can go now. · It can be dangerous. |
| could | भूतकाल की क्षमता · विनम्र निवेदन · संभावना | He could read at four. · Could you help me? |
| may | औपचारिक अनुमति · संभावना · आशीर्वाद / इच्छा | May I come in? · It may rain today. · May you live long! |
| might | कम संभावना · reported speech में may का past | It might rain. · He said that he might come. |
| shall | I / we के साथ future · सुझाव / पेशकश · 2nd, 3rd person के साथ आदेश, वादा, धमकी | I shall go. · Shall I open the window? · You shall be punished. |
| should | कर्तव्य / सलाह · lest + should | You should respect your teachers. · Walk fast lest you should miss the bus. |
| will | you / he / they के साथ future · I / we के साथ दृढ़ निश्चय, वादा | He will come tomorrow. · I will help you. (वादा) |
| would | विनम्र निवेदन · भूतकाल की आदत · शर्त · will का past | Would you please sit? · He would walk every morning. · If I were rich, I would help. |
| must | अनिवार्यता · पक्का अनुमान · must not = मनाही | You must obey the law. · He must be tired. · You must not smoke here. |
| ought to | नैतिक कर्तव्य | We ought to help the poor. · You ought not to tell lies. |
| need / dare | नकार और प्रश्न में modal (बिना to, बिना -s); हाँ वाले वाक्य में main verb | You need not go. · Need I come? · He dare not speak. · How dare you! · पर: He needs to rest. |
| used to | भूतकाल की आदत (अब नहीं) | I used to play cricket. · पर be used to + -ing = आदी होना: I am used to working late. |
shall / will का पारंपरिक नियम: साधारण भविष्य — I / we + shall, बाकी सब + will। दृढ़ निश्चय, वादा, आदेश, धमकी — उल्टा: I / we + will (I will do it at any cost), बाकी + shall (You shall get your reward)। आज की बोलचाल में will सबके साथ चलता है।
"___ I come in, sir?" (May) · "He ___ be at home; the lights are on" (must) · "I ___ to play football in my childhood" (used) · "___ you please pass the salt?" (Would) · "Which modal shows moral duty?" (ought to) · "Spot the error: He dare not to speak"
Modal के नियम Modals — Rules for Error Spotting
| # | नियम | ✓ सही (✗ गलत) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Modal + V1; modal में -s नहीं; दो modal साथ नहीं | He can swim (✗ can swims / can to swim) · He will be able to come (✗ will can) |
| 2 | must not = मत करो · need not = ज़रूरत नहीं | You must not go (मना है) · You need not go (चाहो तो मत जाओ) |
| 3 | Modal + have + V3 = भूतकाल का अनुमान / पछतावा / आलोचना (पूरी तालिका: अगले पेज पर) | You should have come (आना चाहिए था) · He must have left (गया होगा) · You need not have bought it (खरीदा, पर ज़रूरत नहीं थी) |
| 4 | lest + should (परीक्षा में यही रूप) · lest में पहले से "न / not" का अर्थ है, इसलिए "not" कभी नहीं जोड़ते | Work hard lest you should fail. (✗ lest you should not fail / lest you will fail) |
| 5 | had better + V1 · would rather + V1 + than | You had better go (✗ had better to go) · I would rather die than beg. |
| 6 | Reported speech में past: can → could · may → might · shall → should · will → would | He said that he could swim. · She said that she would come. |
| 7 | used to का नकार / प्रश्न: did not use to · Did … use to? | He didn't use to smoke. · Did you use to live here? |
| 8 | Would you mind + -ing | Would you mind opening the door? (✗ to open) |
| 9 | ought के साथ to ज़रूरी | You ought to obey your parents. (✗ ought obey) |
| 10 | so that + may / can (present) · might / could (past) | He works hard so that he may pass. · He worked hard so that he might pass. |
✗ He cans speak English. → ✓ He can speak English. · ✗ You must to go. → ✓ must go
✗ I will can do it. → ✓ I will be able to do it. · ✗ You should came yesterday. → ✓ You should have come yesterday.
✗ Run fast lest you will miss the train. → ✓ lest you should miss the train.
✗ I will can do it. → ✓ I will be able to do it. · ✗ You should came yesterday. → ✓ You should have come yesterday.
✗ Run fast lest you will miss the train. → ✓ lest you should miss the train.
भाव से modal पहचानो: क्षमता → can / could · अनुमति → may / can · संभावना → may / might · कर्तव्य → should / ought to · मजबूरी → must / have to · आदत (भूतकाल) → used to / would · विनम्रता → could / would
"Fill in: Walk carefully lest you ___ fall" (should) · "You ___ not come tomorrow; it is a holiday" (need) · "Spot the error: You had better to consult a doctor" · "You ___ have told me earlier (चाहिए था)" (should) · "Would you mind ___ the window?" (closing)
Modal + have + V3, have to, be to Past Modals · Semi-modals
Modal + have + V3 (भूतकाल के लिए)
| ढाँचा | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| could have + V3 | कर सकते थे, पर नहीं किया | You could have won the match. |
| may / might have + V3 | शायद हुआ हो (भूतकाल की संभावना) | He may have missed the bus. |
| must have + V3 | ज़रूर हुआ होगा (पक्का अनुमान) | The road is wet; it must have rained. |
| can't / couldn't have + V3 | हो ही नहीं सकता (नामुमकिन) | He can't have stolen it; he was with me. |
| should have + V3 | करना चाहिए था, पर नहीं किया (पछतावा / आलोचना) | You should have told me. |
| should not have + V3 | नहीं करना चाहिए था, पर किया | You should not have shouted at him. |
| ought to have + V3 | (नैतिक रूप से) करना चाहिए था | You ought to have helped the old man. |
| would have + V3 | (शर्त पूरी होती तो) हो जाता | I would have come if you had called me. |
| need not have + V3 | किया, पर ज़रूरत नहीं थी | You need not have bought it. |
Semi-modals (have to, be able to, be to)
| शब्द | अर्थ / नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| have to / has to / had to | बाहरी मजबूरी · had to = must का भूतकाल | I have to catch a train. · He had to leave early. (✗ He musted) |
| don't have to vs must not | don't have to = ज़रूरत नहीं (= need not) · must not = मनाही | You don't have to come (चाहो तो मत आओ) · You must not come (मत आओ) |
| be able to | can का रूप जो हर tense में चले | I will be able to come. (✗ will can) · He was able to escape. |
| is / are / was to + V1 | तय कार्यक्रम · आदेश | The PM is to visit Patna tomorrow. · You are to report at 9 am. |
| ought to vs should | दोनों = कर्तव्य / सलाह; ought to में नैतिक ज़िम्मेदारी पर ज़्यादा ज़ोर, हमेशा to के साथ | We ought to respect our elders. · You should see a doctor. |
"He is not here; he ___ have gone home (ज़रूर)" (must) · "You ___ have helped him; it was your duty (नैतिक कर्तव्य)" (ought to) · "She ___ have written this; she cannot write English" (can't) · "You ___ come tomorrow; it is a holiday (don't have to / must not)" (don't have to) · "The President ___ address the nation tonight" (is to)
Non-finite और Infinitive Non-finite Verbs — Infinitive
Infinitiveto + V1 (कभी बिना to)
I want to go.
I want to go.
GerundV1 + ing = noun का काम
Swimming is good.
Swimming is good.
ParticipleV-ing / V3 / having + V3 = adjective का काम
a running train
a running train
ये Non-finite हैं — subject या tense बदलने पर इनका रूप नहीं बदलता (He wants to go / They wanted to go)।
Infinitive (to + V1)
| प्रयोग | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Subject / Object | To err is human. · I want to learn English. |
| उद्देश्य (के लिए) | He came to see me. · We eat to live. |
| Adjective / noun के बाद | I am glad to meet you. · I have some work to do. |
| how, what, where, when के बाद | I don't know how to swim. · Tell me what to do. |
| too … to (नकारात्मक अर्थ) · enough to | He is too weak to walk. (= इतना कमज़ोर कि चल नहीं सकता) · He is old enough to vote. |
Verb + to-infinitive: want, decide, hope, plan, agree, refuse, promise, expect, wish, offer, fail, learn, manage, afford, pretend, seem, arrange, threaten
He refused to help. · She decided to go.
He refused to help. · She decided to go.
Bare infinitive (बिना to): modals, let, make, bid, see, hear, watch, feel, notice, had better, would rather; help के बाद to वैकल्पिक
Let him go. · I saw him run. · Passive में to लौटता है: He was made to work.
Let him go. · I saw him run. · Passive में to लौटता है: He was made to work.
परीक्षा के पुराने नियम: to और V1 के बीच adverb नहीं (Split infinitive): ✗ to quickly run → ✓ to run quickly · too … to में ही "नहीं" का अर्थ है: ✗ too weak that he cannot walk → ✓ so weak that he cannot walk / too weak to walk
"He is too tired ___ walk" (to) · "Spot the error: Let him to go" · "Spot the error: I saw him to enter the room" (enter) · "He was made ___ the work again" (to do) · "Identify the use of infinitive: He came here to meet you" (purpose) · "She refused ___ the gift" (to accept)
Infinitive / Gerund के खास ढाँचे Infinitive & Gerund Patterns
Verb + object + to-infinitive
advise, allow, ask, tell, order, permit, request, force, encourage, invite, remind, warn, expect, persuade, want, urge + व्यक्ति + to + V1: He advised me to rest. · She allowed us to go.
suggest, propose, recommend, insist के बाद object + to-infinitive नहीं: ✗ He suggested me to go. ✗ He suggested to go.
✓ He suggested that we (should) go. · ✓ He suggested going. · ✓ He insisted on going.
✓ He suggested that we (should) go. · ✓ He suggested going. · ✓ He insisted on going.
Gerund (-ing) वाले ढाँचे
| ढाँचा | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| can't help + -ing = cannot but + V1 (रोक नहीं सकते) | I couldn't help laughing. = I could not but laugh. |
| It's no use / It's no good + -ing · There is no point in + -ing | It is no use crying over spilt milk. · There is no point in waiting. |
| feel like + -ing · spend (time / money) + -ing | I feel like sleeping. · He spends hours reading. (✗ to read) |
| insist on + -ing · possessive + gerund | He insisted on going. (✗ insisted to go) · Excuse my being late. · I dislike his coming late. |
| need / want + -ing = passive अर्थ | The house needs painting. (= needs to be painted) |
| दोनों रूप, अर्थ वही: begin, start, continue, like, love, hate | It began to rain / raining. (stop, remember, try में अर्थ बदलता है) |
Infinitive के और रूप
| रूप | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Perfect: to have + V3 (पहले हो चुका) | He seems to have left. · I am sorry to have troubled you. |
| Passive: to be + V3 | The work is to be done today. · There is no time to be lost. |
| उद्देश्य: in order to / so as to + V1 · नकार: so as not to | He works hard in order to pass. · He left early so as not to miss the train. |
| It is + adj. + of + व्यक्ति (व्यक्ति का गुण: kind, wise, foolish) · + for + व्यक्ति (स्थिति: necessary, easy, difficult) | It is kind of you to help me. · It is necessary for him to go. |
"Spot the error: The doctor suggested me to take rest" · "I could not help ___ (laugh / laughing)" · "It is very kind ___ you to come" (of) · "Spot the error: He insisted to go there" · "He seems ___ his work" (to have finished)
Gerund और Participle Non-finite Verbs — Gerund, Participle
Gerund (V-ing = noun)
| कहाँ आता है | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Subject / Object / Complement | Walking is good exercise. · I enjoy reading. · My hobby is painting. |
| Preposition के बाद हमेशा gerund | He is fond of singing. · She left without saying goodbye. · Thank you for helping me. |
| Verb + gerund | avoid, enjoy, finish, mind, deny, admit, suggest, consider, practise, risk, miss, postpone, keep, quit, can't help, it's no use, be worth, be busy → He avoided meeting me. · It's worth seeing. |
| "to" preposition हो तो to + V-ing | look forward to, be used to, object to, with a view to, accustomed to, addicted to, averse to, devoted to, committed to → I look forward to meeting you. (✗ to meet) |
| Verb | + to-infinitive | + gerund (-ing) |
|---|---|---|
| stop | He stopped to smoke. (रुककर पीने लगा) | He stopped smoking. (पीना छोड़ दिया) |
| remember / forget | Remember to post the letter. (आगे करना है) | I remember posting it. (कर चुका, याद है) |
| try | Try to open it. (कोशिश) | Try opening the window. (करके देखो) |
| regret | I regret to say… (अभी कहना पड़ रहा है) | I regret saying that. (कह चुका, पछतावा) |
Participle (verb से बना adjective)
| Participle | रूप | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Present | V-ing (चल रहा / करता हुआ) | a running train · a sleeping child · the rising sun · Hearing the noise, he woke up. |
| Past | V3 (किया हुआ — passive अर्थ) | a broken chair · fallen leaves · a lost child · written work |
| Perfect | having + V3 (पहले पूरा हुआ) | Having finished his work, he went home. · Having been warned, he was careful. |
Gerund या Participle? "जो … रहा है" अर्थ → Participle: a sleeping child (बच्चा जो सो रहा है), a dancing girl. "के लिए" अर्थ → Gerund: a sleeping-bag (सोने के लिए थैला), a walking stick, a swimming pool.
"I look forward to ___ you (meet / meeting)" · "Spot the error: He is fond to swim" (of swimming) · "He stopped ___ when the doctor warned him" (smoking) · "Identify the gerund: Reading is a good habit" · "Identify: a walking stick" (Gerund) · "___ his homework, he went out to play" (Having finished)
Participle की गलतियाँ, Causative Participle Errors · Causative
-ing या -ed adjective? -ing = चीज़ जो असर डाले · -ed = व्यक्ति जिस पर असर हो।
The film was boring. I was bored. · ✗ I am interesting in music → ✓ interested (excited / exciting, tired / tiring, surprised / surprising)
The film was boring. I was bored. · ✗ I am interesting in music → ✓ interested (excited / exciting, tired / tiring, surprised / surprising)
Dangling (लटकता) Participle — participle का कर्ता वही हो जो मुख्य वाक्य का subject है:
✗ Walking along the road, a snake bit him. → ✓ Walking along the road, he was bitten by a snake.
✗ Entering the room, the light was switched on. → ✓ Entering the room, he switched on the light.
✗ Being a rainy day, we stayed at home. → ✓ It being a rainy day, we stayed at home.
✗ Walking along the road, a snake bit him. → ✓ Walking along the road, he was bitten by a snake.
✗ Entering the room, the light was switched on. → ✓ Entering the room, he switched on the light.
✗ Being a rainy day, we stayed at home. → ✓ It being a rainy day, we stayed at home.
Causative Verbs (किसी और से काम करवाना)
| Verb | ढाँचा | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| make | make + व्यक्ति + V1 (मजबूर करना) | The teacher made him stand. · Passive: He was made to stand. |
| let | let + व्यक्ति + V1 (अनुमति) | Let me go. (✗ let me to go) · They let us play. |
| have | have + व्यक्ति + V1 | I had him repair my car. |
| have / get | have / get + वस्तु + V3 (काम दूसरे से करवाया) | I had my car repaired. · She got her hair cut. · Get the room cleaned. |
| get | get + व्यक्ति + to + V1 (मनाकर करवाना) | I got him to repair my car. |
| help | help + व्यक्ति + (to) V1 | He helped me (to) carry the box. |
✗ I got my watch repair. → ✓ got my watch repaired · ✗ He made me to laugh. → ✓ made me laugh
✗ I had him to clean the room. → ✓ had him clean · ✗ I got him clean the room. → ✓ got him to clean
✗ I had him to clean the room. → ✓ had him clean · ✗ I got him clean the room. → ✓ got him to clean
"I had my house ___ (paint / painted)" · "Spot the error: Seeing the tiger, the gun was fired" (dangling) · "She was ___ in the story (interested / interesting)" · "He made me ___ (laugh / to laugh)"