Chapter 10 · Grammar
संबंधसूचक — समय
Preposition — TimePreposition = noun / pronoun से पहले आकर उसका संबंध वाक्य के दूसरे शब्द से बताता है। The book is on the table. · He came after me. इसके बाद pronoun का object रूप (with him) और verb का -ing रूप आता है।
| Preposition | कब | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| at | निश्चित समय, night / noon / dawn / midnight, उम्र | at 6 o'clock · at noon · at night · at the age of ten · at present · (त्योहार का दिन: on Diwali · पूरे समय: during Diwali) |
| on | दिन, तारीख़, किसी खास दिन का हिस्सा | on Monday · on 15th August · on Monday morning · on my birthday · on Independence Day |
| in | महीना, साल, ऋतु, सदी, दिन का हिस्सा · in + अवधि = उतने समय बाद | in May · in 2020 · in summer · in the 21st century · in the morning · I will come in two days. |
| within | अवधि के अंदर (उससे पहले) | Finish it within a week. |
| by | तक — उससे पहले ही (उससे देर नहीं; एक समय-बिंदु) | Submit it by Monday. · By 2030 he will retire. |
| till / until | तक — तब तक लगातार (काम चलता रहे) | I waited till 5 pm. · Wait until I come. |
| since · for | since = समय-बिंदु से (perfect tense) · for = अवधि | since Monday / 2015 · for two hours / ten years |
| during | किसी घटना / अवधि के दौरान (+ noun) | during the war · during the holidays (✗ during he was sleeping → ✓ while he was sleeping) |
| from … to / till | शुरू और अंत | from 9 to 5 · from Monday till Friday · (✗ "upto" — सही spelling दो शब्द: from Monday up to Friday) |
| before / after | पहले / बाद | before sunset · after lunch |
| ago | (adverb) आज से पहले — preposition नहीं | two years ago = आज (बोलने के समय) से दो साल पहले (✗ before two years) |
बिना preposition: last / next / this / every / yesterday / tomorrow से पहले at, on, in नहीं — next Monday · last year · this morning · every day (✗ on next Monday · ✗ in last year)
in time = समय रहते, देर होने से पहले · on time = ठीक तय समय पर · in the end = आख़िरकार · at the end of = किसी चीज़ के अंत में (at the end of the month)
"He was born ___ 1990 ___ 15th August" (in, on) · "Submit the form ___ Friday; that is the last date (by / till)" (by) · "He has been ill ___ Monday" (since) · "We met ___ the holidays (during / for)" (during) · "Spot the error: I will meet you on next Sunday" (next Sunday) · "The train arrived ___ time, exactly at 10:15 as per the timetable (on / in)" (on)
संबंधसूचक — स्थान और दिशा Preposition — Place, Direction, Transport
| Preposition | अर्थ / कब | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| at | एक बिंदु, छोटी जगह, पता | at the station · at the door · at home · at 12, MG Road |
| in | किसी चीज़ के अंदर, बड़ा शहर / देश | in the room · in the box · in Delhi · in India |
| on | सतह पर (छूते हुए) | on the table · on the wall · on the floor |
| above / over | above = ऊँचे स्तर पर (बिना छुए) · over = ठीक ऊपर, ढकते हुए, आर-पार | The plane flew above the clouds. · a bridge over the river · a blanket over him |
| below / under / beneath | below = नीचे स्तर पर · under = ठीक नीचे, ढका हुआ | below the danger mark · under the table · beneath the tree |
| in / into | in = स्थिति (अंदर है) · into = अंदर की ओर गति | He is in the room. · He jumped into the river. |
| on / onto | on = स्थिति · onto = ऊपर की ओर गति | The cat is on the roof. · The cat jumped onto the roof. |
| to / towards | to = मंज़िल तक · towards = दिशा में | He went to school. · He ran towards the gate. |
| across / through | across = सतह पर एक ओर से दूसरी ओर · through = किसी चीज़ के बीच से | walk across the road · swim across the river · go through the tunnel / forest |
| along / round / around | के साथ-साथ · चारों ओर | walk along the river · The earth moves round the sun. |
| between / among | between = दो के बीच · among = दो से अधिक के बीच (परीक्षा का नियम; अलग-अलग गिनी जाने वाली चीज़ों के लिए दो से अधिक में भी between: a treaty between three nations) | Divide it between the two brothers. · Distribute it among the five boys. |
| beside / besides | beside = बगल में · besides = के अलावा | Sit beside me. · Besides English, he knows French. |
| by / near / behind / in front of / opposite | पास · पीछे · आगे · सामने | by the river · behind the house · in front of the school · opposite the bank |
"He jumped ___ the well" (into) · "Divide the money ___ the two sisters" (between) · "___ Hindi, she speaks Tamil (Beside / Besides)" (Besides) · "His temperature is ___ normal" (above) · "He walked ___ the road to the other side" (across) · "The book is ___ the table, not in the drawer (on / in)" (on)
भ्रम वाले Preposition Confusing Prepositions
| जोड़ी | अंतर | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| by / with | by = कर्ता (passive में) · with = औज़ार / साधन | The letter was written by Ram with a pen. · He was killed with a knife. |
| die of / from / for / by | परीक्षा का नियम: of = बीमारी, भूख, बुढ़ापा · from = कारण (घाव, ज़्यादा काम) · for = किसी उद्देश्य हेतु · by = हिंसा / तरीका | die of cholera · die from a wound · die for the country · die by the sword |
| in / within / after | in two days = दो दिन बाद (भविष्य) · within = उससे पहले · after = किसी बीते / तय समय के बाद | I will return in a week. · Reply within a week. · He returned after a week. |
| by / till | by = तक, उससे पहले (एक बार) · till = तक लगातार | Come back by 6. · Stay here till 6. |
| during / for | during = कब (किस दौरान) · for = कितनी देर | He slept during the film. · He slept for two hours. |
| on / upon | अर्थ एक; upon = औपचारिक / गति वाला | The book is on the table. · Once upon a time · He jumped upon the thief. |
| like / as | like = preposition (+ noun) · as = conjunction (+ वाक्य) · as = preposition "की भूमिका में" | He runs like a deer. · Do as I say (परीक्षा: as; बोलचाल में like I say भी मिलता है) · He works as a clerk (= clerk के रूप में). |
| angry with / at | with = व्यक्ति से · at = बात / चीज़ पर | angry with his son · angry at his remarks |
| agree with / to / on | with = व्यक्ति / राय · to = प्रस्ताव · on = किसी बिंदु पर सहमति | I agree with you. · He agreed to my proposal. · We agreed on the price. |
| differ from / with | from = चीज़ें अलग होना · with = व्यक्ति से असहमत | Cats differ from dogs. · I differ with you on this. |
"He was killed ___ a robber ___ a knife" (by, with) · "He died ___ malaria" (of) · "You must reply ___ seven days, not later (in / within)" (within) · "Do ___ I tell you (as / like)" (as) · "I am angry ___ you" (with) · "He agreed ___ my proposal" (to)
स्थान और समय — और नियम More Place & Time Prepositions · Transport
| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| सड़क / मंज़िल | in the street (BrE) / on the street (AmE) · on the first floor |
| चित्र, किताब, अख़बार के अंदर · पेज, रेडियो, टीवी, इंटरनेट पर | in the picture · in the newspaper · on page 5 · on the radio · on TV · on the internet |
| कोना | at / on the corner of a street (बाहर) · in the corner of a room (अंदर) |
| स्थिति | at the back of · in the middle of · on the right / left · at the top / bottom of |
| against · beyond · past | lean against the wall · against the law · beyond the river · beyond my understanding · ten past five · He walked past me. |
| off · via · per · ahead of | fell off the roof · go to Patna via Varanasi · 50 km per hour · ahead of others |
| उम्र / संख्या में over · स्तर / माप में above | over 18 years · over a hundred people · above zero · above normal |
| on the way / in the way / by the way | रास्ते में: I met him on the way. · रुकावट: Don't stand in the way. · वैसे: By the way, where is he? |
| at night / in the night · weekend | at night (सामान्य) · in the night (किसी रात के दौरान) · at the weekend (BrE) / on the weekend (AmE) |
| since / for (पूरे वाक्य) · by the time | I have lived here since 2015 / for ten years. · By the time I reached the station, the train had left. |
यातायात के साधन (Transport)
| by + साधन (article नहीं) | by bus · by train · by car · by air · by sea · by post (✗ by the bus · ✗ by foot → ✓ on foot) |
| in / out of — कार, टैक्सी (छोटी गाड़ी) | get in / into a car · get out of a taxi · in my car |
| on / off — बस, ट्रेन, विमान, साइकिल, घोड़ा | get on the bus · get off the train · on a bicycle · on horseback |
arrive at छोटी जगह (station, airport, village) · arrive in बड़ा शहर / देश (Mumbai, India) · reach के बाद preposition नहीं (✗ reached at / to Delhi) · fixed phrase: arrive at a decision / conclusion
"I saw it ___ TV" (on) · "The bridge ___ the river is very old (over / above)" (over) · "It is ten ___ six (6:10)" (past) · "We go to Agra ___ Mathura (via / per)" (via) · "Please move; you are standing ___ the way" (in) · "She came ___ foot" (on)
भ्रम वाले Preposition — 2 Confusing Prepositions — More Pairs
| जोड़ी | अंतर | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| made of / from / out of / by | of = सामग्री दिखती है · from = सामग्री बदल गई · out of = किसी चीज़ को बदलकर बनाया · by = बनाने वाला | a table made of wood · Paper is made from wood. · a toy made out of a box · made by my father |
| compare with / to | with = समान चीज़ों की तुलना (अंतर देखना) · to = उपमा देना (जैसा बताना) | Compare this book with that one. · Poets compare life to a journey. |
| prefer … to · preferable to | than / more नहीं | I prefer tea to coffee. · I prefer walking to riding. · Death is preferable to dishonour. (✗ prefer … than) |
| besides / except, but, save | besides = के अलावा (साथ में भी) · except / but / save = को छोड़कर | Besides Ram, Shyam also came. · All came except Ram. · All but him passed. |
| because / because of · though / despite | because, though + वाक्य · because of, despite, in spite of + noun / -ing | because it rained · because of the rain · Despite the rain (✗ Despite it rained) (अध्याय 11) |
| between you and me | preposition के बाद object रूप | This is between you and me. (✗ between you and I) |
| in front of / before | in front of = स्थान में आगे · before = समय में पहले (औपचारिक: के सामने) | a tree in front of the house · before lunch · He appeared before the judge. |
| shout at / to · throw at / to | at = ग़ुस्से में / मारने के लिए · to = सुनाने के लिए / पकड़ाने के लिए | Don't shout at me. · He shouted to his friend across the road. · throw a stone at a dog · throw the ball to me |
| shoot at / fire at · talk to / about | निशाना लगाना · किससे / किसके बारे में | He fired at the thief. · I talked to him about the plan. |
| ask for · pay for · apply for · look at | माँगना · का भुगतान · के लिए आवेदन · देखना | ask for help · pay for the book · apply for a job · look at the board |
| beside the point · arrive at a decision | मुद्दे से हटकर · फ़ैसले पर पहुँचना | Your remark is beside the point. · We arrived at a decision. |
"Cheese is made ___ milk" (from) · "This chair is made ___ wood" (of) · "I prefer reading ___ watching TV" (to) · "Everyone ___ Mohan was present; he was absent (besides / except)" (except) · "The boy threw a stone ___ the dog" (at) · "He was absent ___ illness (because / because of)" (because of)
यहाँ Preposition नहीं लगता Verbs Without a Preposition · Redundancy
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | ✗ गलत | ✓ सही |
|---|---|---|---|
| ✗ entered into the room | ✓ entered the room (✓ enter into an agreement / a discussion = शुरू करना) | ✗ married with her | ✓ married her (✓ got married to her) |
| ✗ attacked on the enemy (verb) | ✓ attacked the enemy (noun: an attack on ✓) | ✗ approached to the officer | ✓ approached the officer |
| ✗ answer to the question (verb) | ✓ answer the question (noun: the answer to ✓) | ✗ describe about the place | ✓ describe the place |
| ✗ comprises of five rooms | ✓ comprises five rooms (✓ consists of) | ✗ accompanied with me | ✓ accompanied me |
| ✗ attend to the meeting | ✓ attend the meeting (✓ attend to = ध्यान देना) | ✗ contact with him | ✓ contact him |
| ✗ explained me the rule | ✓ explained the rule to me | ✗ emphasised on it (verb) | ✓ emphasised it (✓ laid emphasis on) |
| ✗ cope up with | ✓ cope with | ✗ ordered for tea | ✓ ordered tea |
| ✗ requested for help (verb) | ✓ requested help (noun: a request for ✓) | ✗ mention about it | ✓ mention it |
| ✗ obey to your parents | ✓ obey your parents | ✗ demanded for money (verb) | ✓ demanded money (noun: a demand for ✓) |
| ✗ discuss about it | ✓ discuss it | ✗ resembles with his father | ✓ resembles his father |
| ✗ reached at / to Delhi | ✓ reached Delhi (✓ reach for = हाथ बढ़ाना) | ✗ await for him | ✓ await him / wait for him |
| ✗ despite of rain | ✓ despite rain / in spite of rain | ✗ lacks in / of courage (verb) | ✓ lacks courage (noun: lack of ✓) |
| ✗ stressed on it (verb) | ✓ stressed it (noun: stress on ✓) | ✗ regret for my mistake (verb) | ✓ regret my mistake / regret making it |
| ✗ come to home · go to abroad | ✓ come home · go abroad | ✗ investigated into the case | ✓ investigated the case (✓ enquire into) |
दोहराव (Redundancy) — preposition की गलती नहीं, अर्थ दोहराने की गलती: ✗ return back · ✗ repeat again · ✗ revert back · ✗ reply back · ✗ join together → ✓ return · repeat · revert · reply · join
"Spot the error: He did not mention about it" (mention it) · "Spot the error: Children should obey to their parents" (obey their parents) · "Spot the error: Despite of his illness, he came" (Despite / In spite of) · "Spot the error: The workers demanded for higher wages" (demanded higher wages) · "Spot the error: She married with a doctor" (married a doctor)
तय Preposition — Verb 1 Fixed Prepositions — Verbs
कुछ verbs के बाद एक तय preposition ही आता है — इन्हें जोड़ी में याद करो।
| abide by (मानना) | abstain from | accede to |
| accuse of (✗ for) | charge with (अपराध) | adhere to |
| aim at | apologise to व्यक्ति for बात | apply to व्यक्ति for चीज़ |
| approve of | arrive at / in | believe in |
| belong to | beware of | blame व्यक्ति for · बात on व्यक्ति |
| boast of / about | call on व्यक्ति · at घर | comply with |
| compete with व्यक्ति for चीज़ | complain to व्यक्ति about / of | confide in |
| congratulate on (✗ for) | consist of | cope with |
| depend / rely / count on | cure व्यक्ति of रोग | deal with (निपटना) · in (व्यापार) |
| deprive of | deter from | dispose of |
| divide into | excel in / at | fill with |
| get rid of | glance / stare at | guard against |
| hope for | indulge in | inform व्यक्ति of / about |
| insist on | interfere in (मामला) · with (बाधा) | invest in |
| laugh at | listen to | live on (भोजन / आय) |
| long / yearn for | look after (देखभाल) · for (खोजना) | look into (जाँच) · up to (आदर) |
| object to | part with चीज़ · from व्यक्ति | persist in |
| pray to God for चीज़ | prefer … to | preside over |
| prevent / prohibit from | protect from | provide व्यक्ति with · चीज़ for व्यक्ति |
| quarrel with व्यक्ति over / about | recover from | refer to |
| rejoice at / in | remind of | result in (नतीजा) · from (कारण) |
| search for (खोजना) | smell of | succeed in |
| suffer from | sympathise with | take after (शक्ल मिलना) |
| think of / about | translate / convert into | vote for / against |
| wait for | warn of / against | write to |
✗ He was accused for theft. → ✓ accused of · ✗ I congratulate you for your success. → ✓ on · ✗ He is suffering with fever. → ✓ from · ✗ She insisted to go. → ✓ on going
"He was accused ___ murder" (of) · "She takes ___ her mother" (after) · "The meeting resulted ___ a quarrel" (in) · "Please look ___ my child while I am away (देखभाल)" (after)
तय Preposition — Verb 2 Fixed Prepositions — More Verbs
| participate / take part in | consent to | contribute to |
| compare with / to | dream of / about | hint at |
| wonder / marvel at | smile at | hear of (के बारे में) · from (से ख़बर) |
| inquire / enquire into (जाँच) | stick to | yield to |
| resort to | fall in love with | rebel / revolt against |
| protest against | fight with / against | stand for |
| convince व्यक्ति of | suspect व्यक्ति of | convict व्यक्ति of |
| acquit व्यक्ति of | rob व्यक्ति of | cheat व्यक्ति of / out of |
| relieve व्यक्ति of | substitute A for B | mistake A for B |
| retire from | escape / emerge from | dissuade from |
| pride oneself on | reply / respond to | decide on / upon |
| care for (देखभाल / चाहना) | trust in | sentence to (सज़ा) |
| reach for (हाथ बढ़ाना) | die of old age / hunger | ask for · pay for |
| apologise for | feel for (हमदर्दी) | run after (पीछा) |
व्यक्ति + of वाले verbs — छीनना / छुटकारा: rob, deprive, cheat, relieve, cure · आरोप: accuse, suspect, convict, acquit · याद / सूचना / चेतावनी / यक़ीन दिलाना: remind, inform, warn, convince → He robbed me of my watch. · She was acquitted of the charge. · I reminded him of his promise.
✗ He was convicted for murder. → ✓ convicted of · ✗ They protested on the decision. → ✓ protested against · ✗ I mistook him as his brother. → ✓ mistook him for · ✗ He dissuaded me to go. → ✓ dissuaded me from going
"The police suspected him ___ theft" (of) · "All students must take part ___ the games" (in) · "I have not heard ___ him since he left (कोई ख़बर / चिट्ठी)" (from) · "He was sentenced ___ death" (to) · "The child reached ___ the toy" (for) · "He prided himself ___ his honesty" (on)
तय Preposition — Adjective Fixed Prepositions — Adjectives
Adjective + Preposition
| absent from | accustomed to | acquainted with |
| addicted to | afraid of | anxious about (चिंतित) · for (उत्सुक) |
| averse to | aware of | bound for (जाने वाला) |
| capable of | confident of | conscious of |
| content / satisfied with | dependent on · independent of | devoid of |
| different from | eager for | engaged to व्यक्ति · in काम |
| envious / jealous of | equal to | famous for |
| fit / qualified for | fond of | free from |
| full of | good / bad at (✗ in) | grateful to व्यक्ति for चीज़ |
| guilty of | ignorant of | indifferent to |
| interested in | keen on | kind / polite to |
| known to व्यक्ति · for गुण | loyal / true to | married to (✗ with) |
| necessary for | pleased with | prone to |
| proud of | ready for | related to |
| responsible to व्यक्ति for काम | rich in | short of |
| similar to | sorry for व्यक्ति · about बात | sure of |
| surprised at | tired of (ऊबा) | useful to व्यक्ति · for काम |
| weak in (विषय) | superior / inferior to | senior / junior to |
✗ He is good in English. → ✓ good at · ✗ She is married with an engineer. → ✓ married to · ✗ I am fond to music. → ✓ fond of · ✗ He is senior than me. → ✓ senior to · ✗ He is different than his brother. → ✓ different from (परीक्षा: from; AmE में than, BrE में to भी मिलता है)
"He is good ___ maths" (at) · "She is married ___ a doctor" (to) · "He is junior ___ me" (to) · "He is not aware ___ the danger" (of) · "India is rich ___ minerals" (in) · "He is addicted ___ drinking" (to)
तय Preposition — Noun Fixed Prepositions — Nouns · Special Rules
Noun + Preposition
| access to | admission to / into | advantage of / over |
| affection for | answer / reply to | apology for |
| attack on | attention to | cause of |
| confidence / faith in | contribution to | control over |
| cure / remedy for | demand / need for | desire for |
| devotion to | effect on | emphasis / stress on |
| example of | exception to | fondness for |
| freedom from (छुटकारा) · of (अधिकार) | hatred for | increase / decrease in |
| influence on / over | interest in | invitation / visit to |
| key to | lack of | objection to |
| pity for (भावना) · take / have pity on (दया करना) | preference for | pride in |
| reason for | regard / respect for | relief from |
| request for | solution to / of | sympathy for / with |
| taste for | threat to | quarrel with |
Verb और noun का preposition अलग हो सकता है: demand (verb) money · a demand for money · lack courage · lack of courage · stress the point · stress on the point · answer the letter · an answer to the letter · attack the enemy · an attack on the enemy
दो शब्द, दो preposition — दोनों के अपने preposition लिखो: He is fond of and devoted to music. (✗ fond and devoted to music) · I am interested in and keen on sports.
वाक्य के अंत में preposition सही है: Who are you talking to? · This is the house I live in. · What are you looking for? (औपचारिक: To whom are you talking?)
"I have no objection ___ your plan" (to) · "There is no cure ___ this disease" (for) · "He has great respect ___ his teachers" (for) · "There is a sharp increase ___ prices" (in) · "Spot the error: He is fond and devoted to his work" (fond of and devoted to) · "This is the key ___ success" (to)
तय Preposition — और शब्द Fixed Prepositions — More Adjectives & Nouns
Adjective + Preposition — 2
| preferable to | worried / anxious about | worthy of |
| innocent of | suspicious of | popular with |
| suitable for | careful / careless of / about | identical with / to |
| familiar with (जानना) · to (जाना-पहचाना) | opposed to | obedient to |
| hostile to | good / bad for (सेहत) | beneficial / harmful to |
| scared / terrified of | disappointed with / in | annoyed with व्यक्ति · at बात |
| certain of / about | sick of | crazy / mad about |
| thankful to व्यक्ति for चीज़ | sensitive to | slow at / quick at |
| skilled in / at | tired from (थका) · of (ऊबा) | late for |
| present at | prior to | capable of + -ing |
Noun + Preposition — 2
| difference between / in | belief in | cruelty to |
| protest against | success in | right to |
| shortage of | fear of | love for / of |
| hope of | intention of | anxiety about / for |
| ability in · talent for | tendency to | mercy on |
| permission for | proof of | agreement with / on |
| connection with | approach to | wish for |
| reliance on | opinion on / about | pride in |
"He is worthy ___ praise" (of) · "The judge found him innocent ___ the crime" (of) · "She is very popular ___ her students" (with) · "Smoking is harmful ___ health" (to) · "Have mercy ___ me" (on) · "What is the difference ___ these two words?" (between)
Phrase Preposition और खास नियम Phrase Prepositions · Preposition + Gerund
| Phrase preposition (कई किताबें इन्हें compound भी कहती हैं) | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| because of · owing to · on account of | कारण से | The match was cancelled because of / owing to rain. |
| due to | के कारण — noun / be के बाद (परीक्षा का नियम) | His absence was due to illness. (verb के बाद: owing to — परीक्षा का key; आधुनिक प्रयोग में due to भी स्वीकार्य) |
| in spite of · despite | के बावजूद | In spite of the rain, we went out. |
| instead of · in place of | के बदले | Use a pen instead of a pencil. |
| in front of · ahead of | के सामने · के आगे | a park in front of my house |
| on behalf of | की ओर से | He spoke on behalf of the class. |
| with regard to · in respect of · regarding | के बारे में | With regard to your letter, … |
| in addition to · apart from · besides | के अलावा | In addition to English, he knows French. |
| according to | के अनुसार | According to the rules, … |
| by means of · by way of | के द्वारा · के रूप में | He climbed by means of a rope. |
| in case of · in the event of | की स्थिति में | In case of fire, ring the bell. |
Preposition के बाद gerund (-ing), to-infinitive नहीं: ✗ capable to do → ✓ capable of doing · ✗ instead of to go → ✓ instead of going · ✗ without to say → ✓ without saying · ✗ before to leave → ✓ before leaving · ✗ fond of to read → ✓ fond of reading
to + -ing (to = preposition): accustomed to, addicted to, averse to, devoted to, object to, look forward to, with a view to, be / get used to (आदी होना) → I am used to working late.
पर used to + V1 = भूतकाल की आदत: I used to play cricket.
पर used to + V1 = भूतकाल की आदत: I used to play cricket.
Relative clause में preposition पहले भी आ सकता है (औपचारिक): the house in which I live = the house (which) I live in · the man to whom I spoke = the man I spoke to। (✗ in which … in — दो बार नहीं)
"The flight was delayed ___ fog (due to / owing to)" (owing to — परीक्षा का key; आधुनिक प्रयोग में due to भी) · "He spoke ___ his team (on behalf of / instead of)" (on behalf of) · "Spot the error: He is capable to solve it" (of solving) · "I am not used to ___ (get) up early" (getting) · "This is the bench ___ which he sat" (on)
Preposition — पहचान और प्रकार Preposition or Adverb? · Kinds of Prepositions
| पहचान | Preposition (बाद में object) | Adverb / particle (object नहीं) |
|---|---|---|
| in / out | He is in the room. · He ran out of the house. | Please come in. · He went out. |
| up / down | He climbed up the tree. · She walked down the road. | Look up. · Sit down. |
| before / after | He came before me. · After lunch we left. | I have seen him before. · He came soon after. |
| above / below / near / behind | The fan is above the bed. · Sit near me. | The room above is empty. · Come near. · He stayed behind. |
| since | I have lived here since 2015. | I have not seen him since. |
पहचान: शब्द के बाद noun / pronoun (object) हो → preposition · object न हो → adverb · बाद में पूरा वाक्य (subject + verb) हो → conjunction (Wait till I come)।
Prepositions के प्रकार
| प्रकार | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Simple — एक शब्द | at, in, on, by, with, for, of, to, from |
| Double — दो prepositions जुड़कर | into, onto, upon, out of, from behind, from beneath |
| Compound — a / be + शब्द से बने | across, along, around, beside, before, between, behind, beneath |
| Participle — -ing / -ed रूप | during, regarding, concerning, considering, notwithstanding, pending |
| Phrase — कई शब्दों का समूह | because of, in front of, in spite of, on behalf of (ऊपर "Phrase Preposition" तालिका) |
Part of speech पहचानो: The cat jumped over the wall. → Preposition · Please come over. → Adverb · Come along. → Adverb · Walk along the river. → Preposition · Concerning your request, … → Preposition (participle)
"In 'Please come in', 'in' is a (preposition / adverb)" (adverb) · "In 'He sat beside me', 'beside' is a (preposition / adverb)" (preposition) · "'During' is a ___ preposition (double / participle)" (participle) · "'Into' is a ___ preposition (simple / double)" (double)