Chapter 22 · Comprehension
अपठित गद्यांश — तरीका
Unseen Passage (Prose) — Method & Question Types| कदम | क्या करें | क्यों / कैसे |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | पहले प्रश्न पढ़ो (passage से पहले) | पता रहे कि क्या खोजना है |
| 2 | Passage एक बार तेज़ी से पढ़ो (skimming) | मुख्य विषय (topic) और लेखक का भाव समझो |
| 3 | पहली और आख़िरी पंक्ति ध्यान से | मुख्य विचार अक्सर यहीं होता है |
| 4 | Keywords से जगह ढूँढो (scanning) | प्रश्न के शब्द passage में खोजो, आसपास की 2–3 पंक्तियाँ पढ़ो |
| 5 | Passage के आधार पर उत्तर दो | अपना ज्ञान / राय नहीं — जो लिखा है वही |
| 6 | Vocabulary प्रश्न — context से अर्थ | शब्द को वाक्य में रखकर देखो; विकल्प रखकर अर्थ जाँचो |
| 7 | विकल्प हटाओ (elimination) | बहुत बड़े / passage से बाहर / उल्टे विकल्प पहले हटाओ |
प्रश्नों के प्रकार (Question types)
| प्रकार | प्रश्न | कैसे हल करें |
|---|---|---|
| Main idea / Theme | पूरा passage किस बारे में है? | वह विकल्प जो पूरे passage को ढके — न बहुत छोटा, न बहुत बड़ा |
| Title | सबसे उपयुक्त शीर्षक | छोटा, मुख्य विचार वाला; किसी एक पंक्ति वाला नहीं |
| Factual / Detail | According to the passage … | passage में सीधे लिखा तथ्य — keyword से ढूँढो |
| Vocabulary | synonym / antonym / meaning of a word | context (आसपास के शब्द) से अर्थ |
| Inference | It can be inferred / suggests … | सीधे नहीं लिखा, पर लिखे से निकलता है |
| Tone / Attitude | लेखक का भाव | serious, critical, humorous, optimistic, sad … |
| Reference | "it / they / this" किसके लिए? | ठीक पहले वाला noun देखो |
| Grammar | part of speech, voice, figure of speech | अध्याय 1–21 के नियम |
आम गलतियाँ: passage में न लिखी बात को सही मान लेना · "always / never / only" जैसे पक्के शब्दों वाले विकल्प (अक्सर गलत) · title में किसी एक छोटे हिस्से को चुनना · vocabulary में शब्द का सामान्य अर्थ लेना, context वाला नहीं · NOT / EXCEPT वाले प्रश्न ("Which is NOT true according to the passage?") — यहाँ गलत / passage से बाहर वाला कथन चुनना है।
"A good title should cover (the whole passage / one line of it)" (the whole passage) · "In 'Books guide us; they ask nothing in return', 'they' refers to (books / us)" (books) · "Options with always / never / only are usually (safe / risky)" (risky) · "Answer an inference question from (your own opinion / what the passage implies)" (what the passage implies)
अपठित गद्यांश — हल किया उदाहरण Unseen Passage (Prose) — Solved Example
PassageBooks are the best friends of man. A good book teaches us without scolding and guides us without asking for anything in return. In earlier times, people had to walk many miles to read a single book, but today libraries and the internet have made reading easy. Sadly, many children now spend more time on mobile games than on books. Reading not only increases our knowledge but also improves our language and imagination. A child who reads regularly learns to think clearly and to express himself well. Teachers and parents should therefore encourage children to read at least one good book every week. A habit formed in childhood often stays for life.
प्रश्न
1. The passage mainly talks about —
(A) the duties of teachers (B) mobile games (C) the importance of reading (D) libraries of the past
2. A suitable title for the passage is —
(A) The Value of Reading (B) Old Libraries (C) Duties of Parents (D) Mobile Games
3. The word "scolding" means —
(A) teaching (B) helping (C) praising (D) rebuking
4. According to the passage, reading improves —
(A) only knowledge (B) knowledge, language and imagination (C) eyesight (D) skill in games
5. The antonym of "regularly" is —
(A) rarely (B) often (C) always (D) daily
6. "A habit formed in childhood often stays for life" suggests that —
(A) children have no habits (B) only adults form habits (C) habits change quickly (D) early habits last long
7. "himself" in the passage is a —
(A) personal pronoun (B) adverb (C) reflexive pronoun (D) emphatic pronoun
1. (C) — पूरा passage reading के लाभ पर है · 2. (A) · 3. (D) — डाँटना · 4. (B) — "not only … but also" वाली पंक्ति · 5. (A) · 6. (D) — inference · 7. (C) — express himself (object, अध्याय 4)
"The main idea is usually found in (the first or last lines / one single word)" (the first or last lines) · "Meaning of scolding (praising / rebuking)" (rebuking) · "Antonym of regularly (rarely / daily)" (rarely)
अपठित पद्यांश Unseen Passage (Poetry) — Method & Solved Example
पद्यांश हल करने का तरीका: 1. कविता 2–3 बार पढ़ो · 2. वक्ता (speaker) कौन, किससे बात · 3. विषय / भाव (theme, mood) · 4. अलंकार (अध्याय 21) · 5. Rhyme scheme: हर पंक्ति के अंतिम शब्द की ध्वनि पर A, B, C … · 6. कठिन शब्द का अर्थ context से
Rhyme scheme कैसे लिखें: पहली पंक्ति का अंत = A; उसी ध्वनि वाली हर पंक्ति = A; नई ध्वनि = B, फिर C …
cloud (A) · hills (B) · crowd (A) · daffodils (B) · trees (C) · breeze (C) → ABABCC
cloud (A) · hills (B) · crowd (A) · daffodils (B) · trees (C) · breeze (C) → ABABCC
PoemI wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
— William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (Daffodils)
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
— William Wordsworth, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (Daffodils)
1. "I wandered lonely as a cloud" — figure of speech
(A) Hyperbole (B) Pun (C) Metaphor (D) Simile
2. The rhyme scheme of the stanza is —
(A) ABBA (B) AABBCC (C) ABABCC (D) ABCABC
3. "Fluttering and dancing in the breeze" — figure of speech
(A) Personification (B) Simile (C) Oxymoron (D) Irony
4. The word "host" here means —
(A) a ruler (B) one who receives guests (C) a large number (D) an army officer
5. The poet's mood changes from —
(A) joy to anger (B) loneliness to joy (C) fear to hope (D) sorrow to fear
1. (D) — "as" से तुलना · 2. (C) — cloud / crowd (A), hills / daffodils (B), trees / breeze (C) · 3. (A) — फूल मनुष्य की तरह नाचते हैं · 4. (C) · 5. (B)
"The figure of speech in line 1 is" (Simile) · "The rhyme scheme is" (ABABCC) · "The poet compares himself to" (a cloud) · "The daffodils were" (beside the lake, beneath the trees)