Chapter 23 · Quick revision
सभी नियम
Rule Sheet — परीक्षा से पहले दोहराओ| Parts of Speech | |
|---|---|
| 8 भाग | noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection — शब्द का काम तय करता है (fast = adj / adv / noun / verb) |
| Noun | |
| Uncountable | advice, information, furniture, luggage, news, work — a / an नहीं, plural नहीं, verb singular |
| हमेशा plural | scissors, trousers, spectacles, cattle, police, people |
| plural नहीं होता | two dozen pens · a ten-rupee note · five-year-old |
| Pronoun | |
| Object रूप | preposition / let / between के बाद: between you and me · let him go |
| क्रम · मेल | 231: You, he and I · one → one's · each / either → his / her · who (subject) / whom (object) · taller than I |
| Adjective | |
| तुलना | senior / superior / prefer to · than any other + singular · one of the + -est + plural · the taller of the two |
| जोड़ियाँ | few / a few / the few · little / a little · less (मात्रा) / fewer (संख्या) · elder (परिवार) / older · latest / last · OSASCOMP क्रम |
| Articles | |
| a / an | आवाज़ से: an hour, an MLA, an honest · a university, a European, a one-rupee coin |
| the / × | the: sun, superlative, नदी, सागर, पर्वत-श्रेणी, ग्रंथ, वाद्य · ×: Mount Everest, भाषा, खेल, भोजन, go to school / bed, by bus |
| Verb | |
| रूप | modal / do / did / to + V1 · has / had / passive + V3 · lest + should · had better + V1 · let / make / see + V1 |
| -ing | preposition के बाद · look forward to / be used to (आदी होना) + -ing · avoid / enjoy / mind / finish + -ing |
| Tense | |
| पहचान | since (बिंदु) / for (अवधि) · yesterday / ago → simple past · stative (know, like) → -ing नहीं |
| खास | if / when (भविष्य) + present · high time + past · no sooner … than · hardly … when · wish / as if + were · If + had V3, would have V3 |
| Adverb | |
|---|---|
| नियम | too (ज़्यादा, नकार) / very · much better (✗ very better) · old enough · hardly any (✗ hardly no) · always / never main verb से पहले, be के बाद |
| Preposition | |
| जोड़ियाँ | by (तक, पहले) / till (लगातार) · between (2) / among · beside / besides · die of · angry with (व्यक्ति) / at (बात) · in / into |
| तय | accuse of · congratulate on · good at · prefer to · married to · ✗ reach to, discuss about, enter into (room), marry with, comprise of |
| Conjunction | |
| नियम | although … yet / या कुछ नहीं (✗ but) · unless / until में not नहीं · neither … nor · both … and · not only … but also (parallel) · the reason is that · as (वाक्य) / like (noun) |
| Agreement | |
| नियम | as well as / with → पहला subject · either … or → पास वाला · each / every / one of → singular · a number of → plural · the number of → singular · many a → singular · the + adj → plural · amounts → singular |
| Voice | |
| नियम | be + V3 · who → by whom · Let + object + be + V3 · known to · let → allowed to · make → was made to · see → was seen to · intransitive / have / resemble → passive नहीं |
| Narration | |
| नियम | said (past) → tense एक कदम पीछे · SON pronoun · now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day · प्रश्न → if / whether + कथन क्रम · आदेश → told / ordered / requested + to |
| Sentences | |
| Tags | positive → negative tag · I am → aren't I · Let's → shall we · never / hardly → positive tag · everyone → they |
| बनावट | simple (1 finite verb) · compound (and, but, or, so) · complex (when, because, if, that, who) |
| Vocabulary | |
| Prefix | im- (b, m, p) · il- (l) · ir- (r) (पर unreliable, unpopular — un-) · dis- · invaluable = अनमोल · inflammable = flammable |
| शब्द | -logy अध्ययन · -cide हत्या · -phobia डर · -cracy शासन · idiom का अर्थ शब्दशः नहीं |
| Figures | |
| पहचान | like / as → simile · बिना like → metaphor · निर्जीव मनुष्य जैसा → personification · दो उल्टे शब्द → oxymoron · एक व्यंजन-ध्वनि → alliteration · आवाज़-शब्द → onomatopoeia |
"He is senior ___ me" (to) · "Let ___ go (he / him)" (him)