Chapter 1 · Grammar
शब्द-भेद (Parts of Speech)
Parts of Speechहर शब्द को उसके काम के हिसाब से 8 भागों में बाँटा जाता है — यही Parts of Speech हैं।
| Part | हिंदी | काम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun | संज्ञा | व्यक्ति, वस्तु, जगह, भाव का नाम | Ram, book, Delhi, honesty |
| Pronoun | सर्वनाम | संज्ञा की जगह आता है | he, she, it, they, who |
| Adjective | विशेषण | संज्ञा/सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताता है | good, tall, five, this |
| Verb | क्रिया | काम करना या होना बताता है | run, write, is, have |
| Adverb | क्रिया-विशेषण | verb, adjective या दूसरे adverb की विशेषता | slowly, very, always |
| Preposition | संबंधसूचक | noun/pronoun का दूसरे शब्द से संबंध | in, on, at, under, with |
| Conjunction | समुच्चयबोधक | शब्द या वाक्य जोड़ता है | and, but, or, because |
| Interjection | विस्मयादिबोधक | अचानक भाव (खुशी, दुख, हैरानी) | Oh!, Alas!, Hurrah!, Wow! |
Oh! The little boy ran quickly to his mother and she hugged him.
Oh = Interjection · little = Adjective · boy, mother = Noun · ran, hugged = Verb · quickly = Adverb · to = Preposition · his, she, him = Pronoun · and = Conjunction · The = Article (Article को Adjective / Determiner में गिना जाता है)
Oh = Interjection · little = Adjective · boy, mother = Noun · ran, hugged = Verb · quickly = Adverb · to = Preposition · his, she, him = Pronoun · and = Conjunction · The = Article (Article को Adjective / Determiner में गिना जाता है)
एक ही शब्द — अलग Part of Speech. Part of speech शब्द से नहीं, वाक्य में उसके काम से तय होता है:
fast: He runs fast (Adverb) · a fast train (Adjective) · a three-day fast (Noun) · They fast on Monday (Verb)
light: Light the lamp (Verb) · a light bag (Adjective) · the light of the sun (Noun)
that: That is mine (Pronoun) · that book (Adjective) · He said that he was ill (Conjunction) · It is not that difficult (Adverb)
fast: He runs fast (Adverb) · a fast train (Adjective) · a three-day fast (Noun) · They fast on Monday (Verb)
light: Light the lamp (Verb) · a light bag (Adjective) · the light of the sun (Noun)
that: That is mine (Pronoun) · that book (Adjective) · He said that he was ill (Conjunction) · It is not that difficult (Adverb)
Preposition या Adverb? शब्द के बाद noun/pronoun (object) हो → Preposition: He sat in the room. Object न हो → Adverb: Please come in.
Preposition या Conjunction? बाद में पूरा वाक्य (subject + verb) हो → Conjunction: Wait till I come. सिर्फ़ noun हो → Preposition: Wait till Monday. (after, before, since, until पर भी यही)
Determiners (a, an, the, this, my, some, each, many…) noun से पहले आकर उसे तय करते हैं; परीक्षा में इन्हें अक्सर Adjective माना जाता है।
"Identify the part of speech of the underlined word: He works hard" (Adverb) · "In The fast lasted three days, 'fast' is a —" (Noun) · "Which word is an Interjection?" · "He came before me — 'before' is a —" (Preposition) · "Look before you leap — 'before' is a —" (Conjunction)
संज्ञा के प्रकार Kinds of Noun
1. Proper Nounकिसी खास व्यक्ति/जगह/चीज़ का नाम — पहला अक्षर Capital।
Ram, India, the Ganga, Monday
He is the Kalidas of our age → यहाँ common noun (= महान कवि)
Ram, India, the Ganga, Monday
He is the Kalidas of our age → यहाँ common noun (= महान कवि)
2. Common Nounएक जैसी सब चीज़ों का साझा नाम।
boy, city, river, book, teacher
boy, city, river, book, teacher
3. Collective Nounसमूह का एक नाम।
army, class, team, family, jury, crowd
army, class, team, family, jury, crowd
4. Material Nounपदार्थ/धातु जिससे चीज़ें बनती हैं (गिनी नहीं जातीं)।
gold, iron, milk, water, wood, rice
gold, iron, milk, water, wood, rice
5. Abstract Nounभाव, गुण, दशा, काम — छू नहीं सकते।
honesty, love, childhood, poverty, laughter
honesty, love, childhood, poverty, laughter
Countable / Uncountableगिन सकें: book → books (a/an, many, few)
न गिन सकें: water, advice (much, little; a/an नहीं)
न गिन सकें: water, advice (much, little; a/an नहीं)
| Collective Nouns (समूहवाचक) | ||
|---|---|---|
| a flock of sheep / birds | a herd of cattle / elephants | a swarm of bees / locusts |
| a pack of wolves / cards | a pride of lions | a school of fish |
| a bunch of grapes / keys | a bouquet of flowers | a fleet of ships |
| a galaxy of stars | a gang of thieves | a crowd of people |
| a bench of judges | a range of mountains | a team of players |
| Abstract Noun बनाना | |
|---|---|
| Adjective से | brave → bravery · honest → honesty · wise → wisdom · poor → poverty · young → youth · true → truth · strong → strength |
| Verb से | advise → advice · believe → belief · choose → choice · die → death · know → knowledge · laugh → laughter · obey → obedience · think → thought |
| Common Noun से | child → childhood · friend → friendship · king → kingship / kingdom · slave → slavery · hero → heroism · thief → theft |
Uncountable — plural नहीं, a/an नहीं, verb singular: information, advice, furniture, luggage, baggage, equipment, machinery, scenery, poetry, stationery, news, bread.
✗ an advice / furnitures / sceneries → ✓ a piece of advice, some furniture, an item of news
✗ an advice / furnitures / sceneries → ✓ a piece of advice, some furniture, an item of news
"A ___ of lions" (pride) · "A ___ of ships" (fleet) · "Abstract noun of wise / obey / child" · "Which noun is uncountable?" · "Spot the error: an advice" · "Honesty is the best policy — 'Honesty' is a — noun" (Abstract)
संज्ञा — और ज़रूरी बातें Abstract Suffixes, Unit Words, Noun Uses
Abstract Noun के Suffix (अंत में जुड़ने वाले हिस्से)
| Suffix | उदाहरण | Suffix | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ness | kind → kindness · sweet → sweetness · bold → boldness | -ity / -ty | able → ability · pure → purity · cruel → cruelty · vain → vanity |
| -th | long → length · deep → depth · wide → width · high → height | -dom | free → freedom · king → kingdom · martyr → martyrdom |
| -ment | agree → agreement · move → movement · punish → punishment | -ion / -tion | decide → decision · act → action · invent → invention |
| -ance / -ence | enter → entrance · absent → absence · obey → obedience | -hood / -ship | mother → motherhood · citizen → citizenship · friend → friendship |
और Collective Nouns
| a troop of soldiers / monkeys | a hive of bees | a crew of sailors |
| a choir of singers | a panel of experts | a staff of teachers |
| a constellation of stars | a bundle of sticks | a flight of steps |
| a band of musicians | a litter of puppies | a library of books |
🧩 Uncountable को गिनना — Unit worda piece of advice / furniture / information · a loaf of bread · a slice of bread · a bar of chocolate · a cake of soap · a drop of water · a sheet of paper · a grain of rice · an item of news
🔄 Material/Abstract → Countable (अर्थ बदलता है)paper (काग़ज़) → a paper (अख़बार / प्रश्नपत्र) · iron (लोहा) → an iron (प्रेस) · glass → a glass (गिलास) · wood (लकड़ी) → woods (जंगल) · kindness → a kindness (एक दयालु काम)
| Countable के साथ | Uncountable के साथ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| many · few / a few · fewer · number | much · little / a little · less · amount | many books, much water · fewer students, less sugar · a large number of people, a large amount of money |
Gerund = Verb + ing जो Noun का काम करे: Swimming is good exercise. · I like reading.
Noun जो Adjective का काम करे: a stone wall · a gold ring · the school bus | Proper → Common: He is a Newton (= महान वैज्ञानिक)
Noun जो Adjective का काम करे: a stone wall · a gold ring · the school bus | Proper → Common: He is a Newton (= महान वैज्ञानिक)
"Abstract noun of proud / deep / free / enter / able" · "A ___ of soldiers (troop)" · "Fill in: She gave me a ___ of advice (piece)" · "Fewer / less: ___ students came today" · "Walking is good for health — 'Walking' is a —" (Gerund / Noun)