Chapter 2 · Grammar
वचन — Singular से Plural
NumberSingular (एकवचन) = एक · Plural (बहुवचन) = एक से अधिक। Plural बनाने के नियम:
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| ज़्यादातर में + s | book → books · cow → cows · girl → girls |
| अंत में s, ss, sh, ch, x, z → + es | bus → buses · glass → glasses · bush → bushes · bench → benches · box → boxes · quiz → quizzes |
| व्यंजन + y → y हटाकर ies | baby → babies · city → cities · lady → ladies · story → stories |
| स्वर + y → सिर्फ़ + s | boy → boys · day → days · key → keys · monkey → monkeys |
| f / fe → ves | leaf → leaves · knife → knives · wife → wives · wolf → wolves · thief → thieves · half → halves · life → lives · shelf → shelves · loaf → loaves · calf → calves |
| f वाले अपवाद (+ s) | roof → roofs · chief → chiefs · belief → beliefs · proof → proofs · cliff → cliffs · safe → safes · dwarf → dwarfs |
| व्यंजन + o → + es | hero → heroes · potato → potatoes · tomato → tomatoes · echo → echoes · mosquito → mosquitoes |
| o वाले अपवाद (+ s) | photo → photos · piano → pianos · radio → radios · kilo → kilos · zoo → zoos · video → videos · bamboo → bamboos |
| अंदर का स्वर बदले | man → men · woman → women · foot → feet · tooth → teeth · goose → geese · mouse → mice · louse → lice |
| + en / ren | ox → oxen · child → children |
| Singular = Plural | sheep · deer · swine · aircraft · series · species · (fish — आम तौर पर) |
विदेशी शब्दों के Plural (Latin / Greek)
| -um → -a | -on → -a | -is → -es | -us → -i |
|---|---|---|---|
| datum → data | phenomenon → phenomena | crisis → crises | radius → radii |
| medium → media | criterion → criteria | basis → bases | cactus → cacti |
| bacterium → bacteria | analysis → analyses | fungus → fungi | |
| curriculum → curricula | thesis → theses | nucleus → nuclei | |
| memorandum → memoranda | axis → axes | stimulus → stimuli | |
| -a → -ae: formula → formulae / formulas | hypothesis → hypotheses | alumnus → alumni |
"Plural of potato / piano / leaf / roof" · "Which is the plural of datum?" · "Analyses is the plural of —"
खास Plural और अपवाद Special Plurals
-is → -es: "crisis की crises" — बस i को e कर दो (analysis → analyses)। -us → -i: "us हटाओ, i लगाओ" (radius → radii) — पर सिर्फ़ Latin शब्दों में; bus → buses, campus → campuses, census → censuses, virus → viruses, chorus → choruses। -um/-on → -a: "data, media, criteria, phenomena" — ये चारों plural हैं।
🔗 Compound Nounsमुख्य शब्द का plural बनता है:
mother-in-law → mothers-in-law · passer-by → passers-by · commander-in-chief → commanders-in-chief · son-in-law → sons-in-law
दोनों बदलें: man-servant → men-servants · woman-doctor → women-doctors
-ful वाले: spoonful → spoonfuls · handful → handfuls
mother-in-law → mothers-in-law · passer-by → passers-by · commander-in-chief → commanders-in-chief · son-in-law → sons-in-law
दोनों बदलें: man-servant → men-servants · woman-doctor → women-doctors
-ful वाले: spoonful → spoonfuls · handful → handfuls
👖 हमेशा Plural (plural verb)scissors, trousers, spectacles, tongs, pincers, pliers, thanks, alms, riches, premises (मकान), goods, clothes, surroundings, outskirts, belongings, earnings, savings, proceeds
The scissors are blunt. · A pair of scissors is on the table.
The scissors are blunt. · A pair of scissors is on the table.
📰 दिखने में Plural, अर्थ Singularnews, mathematics, physics, economics, politics, ethics, measles, mumps, billiards, innings
The news is good. · Mathematics is easy.
The news is good. · Mathematics is easy.
🐄 दिखने में Singular, अर्थ Pluralcattle, people, police, poultry, clergy, gentry, vermin → plural verb, इनमें s नहीं लगता
The cattle are grazing. · The police have come.
The cattle are grazing. · The police have come.
संख्या + Noun + Noun (जब पूरा समूह adjective बने) → बीच का noun singular: a five-rupee note · a ten-year-old boy · a two-mile walk
dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, pair के पहले संख्या हो → -s नहीं: two dozen eggs · five hundred rupees · बिना संख्या → dozens of eggs, hundreds of people
dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, pair के पहले संख्या हो → -s नहीं: two dozen eggs · five hundred rupees · बिना संख्या → dozens of eggs, hundreds of people
✗ This phenomena is rare. → ✓ This phenomenon is rare. · ✗ The criterias are clear. → ✓ The criteria are clear.
✗ Two thiefs were caught. → ✓ Two thieves · ✗ We saw many deers. → ✓ many deer · ✗ two rooves → ✓ two roofs (अपवाद)
✗ Two thiefs were caught. → ✓ Two thieves · ✗ We saw many deers. → ✓ many deer · ✗ two rooves → ✓ two roofs (अपवाद)
"Choose the correct plural of criterion / phenomenon / crisis / radius / passer-by / mother-in-law" · "Which plural is wrong? (a) chiefs (b) roofs (c) knifes (d) wolves" · "Which noun has the same form in singular and plural?" · "Which noun is always plural?" · "Spot the error: The news are true / a five-rupees note / The cattle is grazing"
Plural — और अपवाद, अर्थ-भेद More Plurals & Meaning Change
| और विदेशी / अनियमित Plural | |
|---|---|
| index | indices / indexes |
| appendix | appendices / appendixes |
| stratum · erratum | strata · errata |
| oasis · parenthesis | oases · parentheses |
| larva · alga · vertebra · bureau | larvae · algae · vertebrae · bureaux |
| syllabus · terminus | syllabi / syllabuses · termini |
| die (पासा) | dice |
| दो Plural — दो अर्थ | |
|---|---|
| brother | brothers (भाई) · brethren (धर्म-बंधु) |
| cloth | cloths (कपड़े के टुकड़े) · clothes (पहनने के कपड़े) |
| genius | geniuses (प्रतिभाशाली) · genii (जिन्न) |
| penny | pennies (सिक्के) · pence (मूल्य) |
| fish | fish (कई मछलियाँ) · fishes (कई किस्में) |
| people | people (लोग) · peoples (राष्ट्र / जातियाँ) |
| hair | hair (सिर के बाल — uncountable) · hairs (कुछ बाल) |
Plural में अर्थ बदल जाता है
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| custom (रिवाज़) | customs (सीमा-शुल्क) | good (भलाई) | goods (सामान) |
| manner (तरीका) | manners (शिष्टाचार) | force (बल) | forces (सेना) |
| ground (ज़मीन) | grounds (कारण / मैदान) | pain (दर्द) | pains (मेहनत) |
| spectacle (दृश्य) | spectacles (चश्मा) | colour (रंग) | colours (झंडा) |
| quarter (चौथाई) | quarters (आवास) | effect (प्रभाव) | effects (निजी सामान) |
| damage (नुकसान) | damages (हर्जाना) | air (हवा) | airs (घमंड) |
| arm (बाँह) | arms (हथियार) | content (संतोष) | contents (विषय-सूची) |
✳️ और अपवाद-oo / -io → + s: zoos, cuckoos, studios, radios, ratios
-ch (क की आवाज़) → + s: stomachs, monarchs, epochs
f → + s: handkerchiefs, gulfs, reefs, griefs, chefs
-man पर नहीं: German → Germans, human → humans, Roman → Romans
नाम + y → + s: the two Marys
संक्षेप / दशक: MPs, the 1990s
-ch (क की आवाज़) → + s: stomachs, monarchs, epochs
f → + s: handkerchiefs, gulfs, reefs, griefs, chefs
-man पर नहीं: German → Germans, human → humans, Roman → Romans
नाम + y → + s: the two Marys
संक्षेप / दशक: MPs, the 1990s
📚 -s पर ख़त्म पर Singularविषय: physics, civics, athletics, gymnastics, electronics, statistics (विषय के रूप में)
देश / नाम: The United States is… · The Netherlands is…
दोनों में एक रूप: means, headquarters, series, species — a means / many means
देश / नाम: The United States is… · The Netherlands is…
दोनों में एक रूप: means, headquarters, series, species — a means / many means
"Plural of index / oasis / larva / die" · "Customs means —" · "Choose: The ___ of the house were sold (effects)" · "Which is correct: The United States (is / are)"