Chapter 16 · Grammar
त्रुटि पहचानना — तरीका
Error Spotting & Sentence Improvement — MethodError Spottingवाक्य को 3–4 हिस्सों (A, B, C, D) में बाँटा जाता है; जिस हिस्से में गलती है, उसे चुनो। गलती न हो तो "No error"।
Sentence Improvementवाक्य का एक हिस्सा (underlined / bold) बदलने के लिए विकल्प दिए जाते हैं; सबसे सही चुनो, या "No improvement"।
Error ढूँढने के 7 कदम
| # | क्या देखें | प्रश्न जो ख़ुद से पूछो |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Subject–Verb | असली subject कौन? singular / plural? verb मिलता है? (as well as, with, either … or, each, one of) |
| 2 | Tense | समय बताने वाला शब्द (yesterday, since, for, already, by the time) कौन-सा tense माँगता है? sequence सही है? |
| 3 | Verb का रूप | did / modal / to के बाद V1? has / had के बाद V3? preposition के बाद -ing? |
| 4 | Pronoun | subject / object रूप सही? one … one's? each … his? apostrophe? |
| 5 | Article / Adjective | a / an / the की ज़रूरत? degree (than, the -est, of the two)? few / little, elder / older? |
| 6 | Preposition / Conjunction | verb / adjective के साथ तय preposition? फ़ालतू preposition? although … but जैसी दोहरी जोड़ी? |
| 7 | शब्द-क्रम / दोहराव | adverb की जगह? correlatives parallel? return back जैसा दोहराव? |
परीक्षा की सलाह: पहले पूरा वाक्य पढ़ो, अर्थ समझो। सबसे पहले subject–verb और tense जाँचो — आधी से ज़्यादा गलतियाँ यहीं होती हैं। "No error" तभी चुनो जब सातों कदम जाँच लो।
हल किया उदाहरण: (A) One of my friends / (B) have gone / (C) to Delhi / (D) for higher studies. → गलती (B): subject "One" singular है → has gone।
(A) He said / (B) that he will / (C) come to see me / (D) the next day. → गलती (B): said (past) के बाद → would।
Improvement: He has been working here since five years. → (a) has worked since (b) has been working for ✓ (c) is working for (d) No improvement → (b): अवधि = for।
(A) He said / (B) that he will / (C) come to see me / (D) the next day. → गलती (B): said (past) के बाद → would।
Improvement: He has been working here since five years. → (a) has worked since (b) has been working for ✓ (c) is working for (d) No improvement → (b): अवधि = for।
"Find the part with an error: (A) The quality of these / (B) mangoes are / (C) not good / (D) No error" (B) · "Improve: He did not went to school" (did not go) · "Find the error: (A) Neither he / (B) nor his friends / (C) was present" (C — were)
गलतियाँ — Noun, Pronoun Common Errors — Noun, Pronoun
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | ||
| ✗ He gave me an advice. | ✓ He gave me a piece of advice / some advice. | uncountable पर a / an नहीं (अ. 1) |
| ✗ The furnitures are new. | ✓ The furniture is new. | uncountable का plural नहीं (अ. 2) |
| ✗ He has two dozens pens. | ✓ He has two dozen pens. | संख्या के बाद dozen, hundred singular (अ. 2) |
| ✗ a ten-rupees note | ✓ a ten-rupee note | compound adjective में singular (अ. 5) |
| ✗ My cousin brother came. | ✓ My cousin came. | cousin अपने में पूरा |
| ✗ The cattles are grazing. | ✓ The cattle are grazing. | cattle हमेशा plural, -s नहीं (अ. 2, 12) |
| ✗ The news are true. | ✓ The news is true. | news singular (अ. 2, 12) |
| ✗ I have many works to do. | ✓ I have a lot of work to do. | work (काम) uncountable (अ. 2) |
| Pronoun | ||
| ✗ Between you and I … | ✓ Between you and me … | preposition के बाद object (अ. 4) |
| ✗ I, you and he will go. | ✓ You, he and I will go. | 231 क्रम (अ. 4) |
| ✗ One should do his duty. | ✓ One should do one's duty. | one … one's (अ. 4) |
| ✗ The book is your's. | ✓ The book is yours. | possessive pronoun में apostrophe नहीं (अ. 4) |
| ✗ He is taller than me. | ✓ He is taller than I (am). | than के बाद पूरा वाक्य सोचो (अ. 4, 5) |
| ✗ We enjoyed at the party. | ✓ We enjoyed ourselves at the party. | enjoy + reflexive (अ. 4, 7) |
| ✗ Whom do you think is coming? | ✓ Who do you think is coming? | who = is का subject (अ. 4) |
| ✗ The three brothers love each other. | ✓ The three brothers love one another. | दो से अधिक → one another (परीक्षा का नियम; अ. 4) |
| ✗ Either of the three roads leads to Agra. | ✓ Any one of the three roads leads to Agra. | either = दो में से (अ. 4) |
| ✗ He absented from the class. | ✓ He absented himself from the class. | absent / avail / pride + reflexive (अ. 4) |
| ✗ It is me who called you. (औपचारिक) | ✓ It is I who called you. | It is I (अ. 4, 12) |
"Spot the error: (A) He gave me / (B) some useful / (C) informations" (C — information) · "(A) The news / (B) are / (C) very good" (B — is)
गलतियाँ — Adjective, Article Common Errors — Adjective, Article
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| Adjective | ||
| ✗ He is more cleverer than I. | ✓ He is cleverer than I. | double comparative नहीं (अ. 5) |
| ✗ He is senior than me. | ✓ He is senior to me. | Latin comparatives + to (अ. 5) |
| ✗ This is the most unique book. | ✓ This is a unique book. | absolute adjective (अ. 5) |
| ✗ He is elder than I. | ✓ He is older than I. | elder + than नहीं (अ. 5) |
| ✗ Less students came. | ✓ Fewer students came. | countable → fewer (अ. 5) |
| ✗ He is taller than any boy in the class. | ✓ … than any other boy … | same group → any other (अ. 5) |
| ✗ He is the tallest of the two. | ✓ He is the taller of the two. | दो में → comparative (अ. 5) |
| ✗ I have little friends. | ✓ I have few friends. | countable → few (अ. 5) |
| ✗ A few people trust him; he is very lonely. | ✓ Few people trust him … | few = लगभग नहीं (अ. 5) |
| Article | ||
| ✗ He is an European. | ✓ He is a European. | sound से a / an (अ. 6) |
| ✗ The honesty is the best policy. | ✓ Honesty is the best policy. | abstract noun सामान्य अर्थ (अ. 6) |
| ✗ He goes to the bed at ten. | ✓ He goes to bed at ten. | मुख्य काम (अ. 6) |
| ✗ Sun rises in the east. | ✓ The sun rises in the east. | अनोखी चीज़ (अ. 6) |
| ✗ He is honest man. | ✓ He is an honest man. | singular countable के साथ article (अ. 6) |
| ✗ She plays the cricket. | ✓ She plays cricket. | खेल के साथ the नहीं (अ. 6) |
| ✗ He plays flute well. | ✓ He plays the flute well. | वाद्य-यंत्र के साथ the (अ. 6) |
| ✗ a hour · a MLA · an one-rupee coin | ✓ an hour · an MLA · a one-rupee coin | a / an आवाज़ से (अ. 6) |
"Spot the error: (A) She is / (B) more prettier / (C) than her sister" (B — prettier) · "(A) He is / (B) an university / (C) professor" (B — a university) · "(A) Of the two sisters / (B) Sita is / (C) the most beautiful" (C — the more beautiful)
गलतियाँ — Verb, Tense Common Errors — Verb, Tense
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| Verb और Tense | ||
| ✗ I am knowing him for years. | ✓ I have known him for years. | stative + perfect (अ. 8) |
| ✗ He has come yesterday. | ✓ He came yesterday. | past time word → simple past (अ. 8) |
| ✗ If it will rain, we will stay. | ✓ If it rains, we will stay. | if-clause में will नहीं (अ. 8) |
| ✗ He was died in 2001. | ✓ He died in 2001. | intransitive का passive नहीं (अ. 7) |
| ✗ He did not went. | ✓ He did not go. | did + V1 (अ. 7) |
| ✗ It is high time we go. | ✓ It is high time we went. | high time + past (अ. 8) |
| ✗ Let him to go. | ✓ Let him go. | let + bare infinitive (अ. 7) |
| ✗ I look forward to meet you. | ✓ I look forward to meeting you. | to (preposition) + -ing (अ. 7) |
| ✗ He has been dead since five years. | ✓ He has been dead for five years. | अवधि → for (अ. 8) |
| ✗ He suggested me to go. | ✓ He suggested that I (should) go. | suggest + that (अ. 7) |
| ✗ He laid on the bed all day. | ✓ He lay on the bed all day. | lie (लेटना) का V2 = lay (अ. 7) |
| ✗ The murderer was hung. | ✓ The murderer was hanged. | फाँसी = hanged (अ. 7) |
| ✗ He avoided to meet me. | ✓ He avoided meeting me. | avoid / enjoy / mind + -ing (अ. 7) |
| ✗ When I reached the station, the train already left. | ✓ … the train had already left. | पहला काम → past perfect (अ. 8) |
| ✗ He has left two hours ago. | ✓ He left two hours ago. | ago → simple past (अ. 8) |
"Spot the error: (A) I have seen / (B) this film / (C) last week" (A — saw) · "(A) When he will come / (B) I will give / (C) him the book" (A — When he comes) · "(A) He did not / (B) went to school / (C) yesterday" (B — go) · "(A) She enjoys / (B) to swim / (C) in the river" (B — swimming)
गलतियाँ — Agreement, Adverb Common Errors — Subject-Verb Agreement, Adverb
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| Subject–Verb Agreement | ||
| ✗ The teacher, with his students, were present. | ✓ … was present. | with → पहला subject (अ. 12) |
| ✗ Neither of them are right. | ✓ Neither of them is right. | neither of → singular (अ. 12) |
| ✗ The number of students are small. | ✓ … is small. | the number of → singular (अ. 12) |
| ✗ Each of the boys have a book. | ✓ Each of the boys has a book. | each → singular (अ. 12) |
| ✗ Mathematics are difficult. | ✓ Mathematics is difficult. | plural दिखे पर singular (अ. 12) |
| ✗ A number of students was absent. | ✓ … were absent. | a number of → plural (अ. 12) |
| ✗ Many a student have failed. | ✓ Many a student has failed. | many a → singular (अ. 12) |
| ✗ Either the teacher or the students is to blame. | ✓ … are to blame. | पास वाले subject से (अ. 12) |
| ✗ The rich is not always happy. | ✓ The rich are … | the + adjective → plural (अ. 12) |
| ✗ The secretary and treasurer have come. (एक व्यक्ति) | ✓ … has come. | एक व्यक्ति, दो पद (अ. 6, 12) |
| Adverb | ||
| ✗ He speaks very well English. | ✓ He speaks English very well. | verb + object के बीच adverb नहीं (अ. 9) |
| ✗ He is too happy today. | ✓ He is very happy today. | too = ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा (अ. 9) |
| ✗ I hardly never go out. | ✓ I hardly ever go out. | double negative नहीं (अ. 9) |
| ✗ He is not enough old. | ✓ He is not old enough. | adjective + enough (अ. 9) |
| ✗ He very likes sweets. | ✓ He likes sweets very much. | very अकेला verb के साथ नहीं (अ. 9) |
| ✗ He smokes never. | ✓ He never smokes. | never main verb से पहले (अ. 9) |
"Spot the error: (A) Bread and butter / (B) are / (C) my breakfast" (B — is) · "(A) He hardly / (B) has no time / (C) for his family" (B — has any time) · "(A) One of my friends / (B) have / (C) gone abroad" (B — has)
गलतियाँ — Preposition, Conjunction Common Errors — Preposition, Conjunction
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| Preposition | ||
| ✗ He reached at Delhi. | ✓ He reached Delhi. | reach के बाद preposition नहीं (अ. 7, 10) |
| ✗ We discussed about the plan. | ✓ We discussed the plan. | discuss + सीधा object (अ. 7, 10) |
| ✗ He is good in maths. | ✓ He is good at maths. | good at (अ. 10) |
| ✗ He died from cholera. | ✓ He died of cholera. | die of + बीमारी (अ. 10) |
| ✗ He was accused for theft. | ✓ He was accused of theft. | accuse of (अ. 10) |
| ✗ The house comprises of five rooms. | ✓ The house comprises five rooms. | comprise + सीधा object (अ. 10) |
| ✗ Divide it among the two brothers. | ✓ Divide it between the two brothers. | दो → between (अ. 10) |
| ✗ Beside English, he knows French. | ✓ Besides English, … | besides = के अलावा (अ. 10) |
| ✗ Don't be angry on me. | ✓ Don't be angry with me. | angry with व्यक्ति (अ. 10) |
| ✗ I prefer tea than coffee. | ✓ I prefer tea to coffee. | prefer … to (अ. 5, 10) |
| Conjunction | ||
| ✗ Although he is rich but he is unhappy. | ✓ Although he is rich, he is unhappy. | although + but नहीं (अ. 11) |
| ✗ Unless you do not work, you will fail. | ✓ Unless you work, you will fail. | unless में not नहीं (अ. 11) |
| ✗ No sooner had he come when … | ✓ No sooner had he come than … | no sooner … than (अ. 8, 11) |
| ✗ The reason is because he is ill. | ✓ The reason is that he is ill. | reason … that (अ. 11) |
| ✗ He not only lost his money but also his health. | ✓ He lost not only his money but also his health. | correlatives parallel (अ. 11) |
| ✗ Neither Ram or Shyam came. | ✓ Neither Ram nor Shyam came. | neither … nor (अ. 11) |
| ✗ Both Ram as well as Shyam came. | ✓ Both Ram and Shyam came. | both … and (अ. 11) |
| ✗ Walk carefully lest you will fall. | ✓ … lest you should fall. | lest + should (अ. 7, 11) |
"Spot the error: (A) She is good / (B) in English / (C) and maths" (B — at) · "(A) Though he worked hard / (B) but he could not / (C) pass" (B — but हटाओ) · "(A) He married / (B) with a doctor / (C) last year" (B — married a doctor)
दोहराव और Sentence Improvement Redundancy · Word Order · Sentence Improvement
| ✗ गलत | ✓ सही | नियम (अध्याय) |
|---|---|---|
| दोहराव और शब्द-क्रम (Redundancy, Word order) | ||
| ✗ return back · revert back · repeat again | ✓ return · revert · repeat | back / again का अर्थ पहले से |
| ✗ each and every · free gift · past history | ✓ every / each · gift · history | दोहराव |
| ✗ final conclusion · join together · new innovation | ✓ conclusion · join · innovation | दोहराव |
| ✗ The reason why … is because … | ✓ The reason … is that … | दोहराव |
| ✗ He very likes it. | ✓ He likes it very much. | very अकेला verb के साथ नहीं |
| ✗ Though … but · Because … so · Lest … not | ✓ एक ही conjunction | दोहरा conjunction |
| ✗ He is one of the best player. | ✓ one of the best players | one of the + plural (अ. 5) |
| ✗ Scarcely had I reached than … | ✓ Scarcely had I reached when … | scarcely … when |
Sentence Improvement — हल किए उदाहरण (सिर्फ़ underlined हिस्सा सुधारो):
1. He has gone to Delhi yesterday. → went (yesterday → past)
2. She is senior than me. → senior to
3. I prefer tea than coffee. → prefer tea to
4. No sooner he reached than it rained. → No sooner had he reached
5. The police has arrested the thief. → have arrested
6. He is one of the best player. → one of the best players
7. If I was you, I would apologise. → were
8. He speaks English very well. → No improvement
1. He has gone to Delhi yesterday. → went (yesterday → past)
2. She is senior than me. → senior to
3. I prefer tea than coffee. → prefer tea to
4. No sooner he reached than it rained. → No sooner had he reached
5. The police has arrested the thief. → have arrested
6. He is one of the best player. → one of the best players
7. If I was you, I would apologise. → were
8. He speaks English very well. → No improvement
"Spot the error: (A) He returned back / (B) from London / (C) last week" (A — returned) · "Improve: Each and every student were present" (was) · "Improve: He is more stronger than his brother" (stronger)