Chapter 20 · Vocabulary
Spelling के नियम
Spelling Rules| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण | ध्यान दो / अपवाद |
|---|---|---|
| i before e, except after c (जब "ई" की आवाज़ हो) | believe, achieve, field, piece, chief · receive, ceiling, deceive, receipt | अपवाद: seize, weird, either, neither, protein · "ए" की आवाज़: eight, weigh, neighbour |
| मूक e हटाओ — स्वर से शुरू होने वाले suffix से पहले | hope → hoping · write → writing · love → lovable · use → usage | व्यंजन वाले suffix से पहले e रहता है: hopeful, lovely, useless · अपवाद: argue → argument, true → truly, nine → ninth, judge → judgement / judgment |
| -ce / -ge के बाद -able / -ous — e रहता है (आवाज़ नरम रहे) | notice → noticeable · manage → manageable · courage → courageous · change → changeable | |
| व्यंजन + y → i (suffix से पहले) | happy → happiness · carry → carried · beauty → beautiful · easy → easily | -ing से पहले y रहता है: carrying, trying · स्वर + y रहता है: play → played, enjoy → enjoyment · अपवाद: day → daily, pay → paid, say → said, lay → laid |
| -ie → -ying | die → dying · lie → lying · tie → tying | |
| व्यंजन दोगुना (एक स्वर + एक व्यंजन, ज़ोर अंत में) | stop → stopped · begin → beginning · refer → referred · occur → occurrence | ज़ोर पहले syllable पर: visit → visited, offer → offered (अध्याय 7) |
| -ful में एक l · all- जुड़े तो एक l | helpful · beautiful · careful (✗ carefull) · always · almost · already · although · altogether | पर adverb: fully, carefully (ful + ly) |
| -sede / -ceed / -cede | supersede (अकेला -sede) · exceed, proceed, succeed (-ceed) · बाकी -cede: precede, recede, concede, intercede | |
| मूक अक्षर (silent letters) | k-nife, k-now · w-rite, w-rong · p-sychology · de-b-t, dou-b-t · i-s-land · h-onour · We-d-nesday · recei-p-t · colum-n · ca-l-m |
Plural बनाने के spelling नियम (-s / -es, y → ies, f → ves) — अध्याय 2 · व्यंजन दोगुना करने के नियम — अध्याय 7।
"Choose the correctly spelt word (recieve / receive / receeve / receve)" (receive) · "(hopeing / hoping / hopping / hopeng) — hope + ing" (hoping) · "(beautiful / beautifull / beutiful / beautyful)" (beautiful) · "(supercede / supersede / superceed / superseed)" (supersede)
अक्सर गलत लिखे जाने वाले शब्द Commonly Misspelt Words
| accommodate | achieve | acknowledgement | address | aggressive | apparent |
| argument | beginning | believe | business | calendar | category |
| cemetery | colleague | commission | committee | conscience | conscious |
| consensus | definitely | desperate | dilemma | disappear | disappoint |
| discipline | embarrass | environment | exaggerate | existence | February |
| foreign | forty | fourth | government | grammar | guarantee |
| harass | height | humorous | hygiene | immediately | independent |
| indispensable | intelligence | knowledge | leisure | library | maintenance |
| millennium | miniature | mischievous | misspell | necessary | neighbour |
| noticeable | occasion | occurred | occurrence | omission | parallel |
| parliament | perseverance | possession | privilege | pronunciation | questionnaire |
| receipt | receive | recommend | referred | relevant | restaurant |
| rhythm | schedule | separate | sergeant | siege | successful |
| supersede | surprise | threshold | tomorrow | tongue | truly |
| until | vacuum | vegetable | weird | Wednesday | withhold |
जाल वाले अक्षर: accommodate (cc, mm) · committee (mm, tt, ee) · embarrass (rr, ss) · occurrence (cc, rr) · necessary (एक c, दो s) · separate (par) · definitely (ite) · pronunciation (pronounce नहीं, nun) · forty (fourty नहीं) · ninth (nineth नहीं) · until (एक l) · truly (truely नहीं) · argument (arguement नहीं) · humorous (humourous नहीं) · privilege (dge नहीं)
British / American spelling (भारत में आमतौर पर British): colour / color · centre / center · programme / program · travelled / traveled · cheque / check · defence / defense · licence (noun) / license · theatre / theater · jewellery / jewelry · catalogue / catalog · organise / organize · grey / gray
"Find the correctly spelt word (accomodate / accommodate / acommodate / accommadate)" (accommodate) · "(neccessary / necessary / necesary / neccesary)" (necessary) · "(seperate / separate / saperate / separete)" (separate) · "Find the misspelt word (committee / embarrass / occurence / harass)" (occurence)
मिलते-जुलते शब्द — 1 Commonly Confused Words (Homophones & Near-homophones) — 1
| शब्द | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| principal / principle | प्रधान, मुखिया / सिद्धांत | The principal of the school · a man of principle |
| stationary / stationery | स्थिर / लेखन-सामग्री | a stationary car · buy stationery (pens, paper) |
| affect / effect | असर डालना (verb) / असर (noun) | Smoking affects health. · The effect was bad. |
| accept / except | स्वीकार करना / को छोड़कर | Accept the gift. · All except Ram came. |
| advice / advise | सलाह (noun) / सलाह देना (verb) | a piece of advice · I advise you to rest. |
| practice / practise | अभ्यास (noun) / अभ्यास करना (verb, BrE) | Practice makes perfect. · Practise daily. |
| compliment / complement | तारीफ़ / पूरक | She paid me a compliment. · The two colours complement each other. |
| desert / dessert | रेगिस्तान, छोड़ देना / मिठाई (भोजन के बाद) | the Thar desert · ice cream for dessert |
| loose / lose | ढीला / खोना, हारना | a loose shirt · Don't lose your pen. |
| council / counsel | परिषद / सलाह, वकील | the city council · legal counsel |
| cite / site / sight | उद्धरण देना / स्थान / दृश्य, दृष्टि | cite an example · a building site · a beautiful sight |
| weather / whether | मौसम / कि, चाहे | fine weather · I don't know whether he will come. |
| lightening / lightning | हल्का करना / बिजली (चमक) | lightening the load · thunder and lightning |
| breath / breathe | साँस (noun) / साँस लेना (verb) | Take a deep breath. · Breathe slowly. |
| quiet / quite | शांत / काफ़ी, बिल्कुल | Keep quiet. · quite good |
| personal / personnel | निजी / कर्मचारी | personal life · army personnel |
| eminent / imminent | प्रसिद्ध / सिर पर आया हुआ | an eminent scientist · imminent danger |
| ensure / insure | पक्का करना / बीमा करना | Ensure your safety. · Insure your car. |
| canvas / canvass | मोटा कपड़ा / वोट माँगना | a canvas bag · canvass for votes |
| access / excess | पहुँच / अधिकता | access to the internet · excess of sugar |
"The ___ of our school is strict (principle / principal)" (principal) · "I bought some ___ for the office (stationary / stationery)" (stationery) · "Smoking ___ your health (effects / affects)" (affects) · "Let me give you a piece of ___ (advise / advice)" (advice)
मिलते-जुलते शब्द — 2, Spelling नोट्स Commonly Confused Words — 2 · Spelling Notes
| शब्द | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| there / their / they're | वहाँ / उनका / they are | Put it there. · their house · They're late. |
| its / it's | उसका / it is, it has | The dog wagged its tail. · It's raining. |
| than / then | से (तुलना) / तब, फिर | taller than I (am) · First eat, then go. |
| later / latter | बाद में (समय) / दो में से दूसरा | See you later. · Ram and Shyam came; the latter was late. |
| beside / besides | बगल में / के अलावा | Sit beside me. · Besides English, he knows French. |
| peace / piece | शांति / टुकड़ा | world peace · a piece of cake |
| brake / break | गाड़ी का ब्रेक / तोड़ना, अवकाश | Apply the brake. · Don't break the glass. · a short break |
| formally / formerly | औपचारिक रूप से / पहले (भूतकाल में) | He was formally invited. · Mumbai was formerly called Bombay. |
| moral / morale | नैतिक, शिक्षा / मनोबल | the moral of the story · The team's morale was high. |
| dual / duel | दोहरा / द्वंद्व-युद्ध | dual citizenship · They fought a duel. |
| die / dye | मरना / रंगना | dying (मरते हुए) · dyeing cloth (रंगते हुए) |
Spelling के और नियम
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| -ee, -oe, -ye पर ख़त्म — e नहीं हटता | agree → agreeing · see → seeing · canoe → canoeing · dye → dyeing (पर die → dying) |
| c के बाद ie — जब "ई" की आवाज़ न हो | science · ancient · efficient · species · sufficient (नियम नहीं टूटता) |
| all right — दो शब्द | ✓ all right (परीक्षा में ✗ alright) · पर already, altogether, always एक शब्द |
| -ise / -ize | British English में दोनों मान्य: organise / organize, realise / realize · American में -ize |
"___ going to the market (Their / There / They're)" (They're) · "The dog hurt ___ leg (its / it's)" (its) · "He is taller ___ his brother (then / than)" (than) · "She is ___ her hair black (dyeing / dying)" (dyeing)