Chapter 15 · Grammar
वाक्य के प्रकार
Kinds of Sentences · Simple, Compound, Complexअर्थ के आधार पर (By meaning)
| प्रकार | काम | अंत में | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assertive / Declarative (Affirmative · Negative) | कथन — हाँ या नहीं | . | He is honest. · He is not lazy. |
| Interrogative | प्रश्न | ? | Are you ready? · Where do you live? |
| Imperative | आज्ञा, अनुरोध, सलाह (subject "you" छिपा) | . / ! | Shut the door. · Please sit down. |
| Exclamatory | तेज़ भाव | ! | What a lovely day! · How tall he is! |
| Optative | इच्छा, आशीर्वाद, प्रार्थना | ! | May you live long! · May God bless you! |
बनावट के आधार पर (By structure)
| प्रकार | पहचान | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | एक ही finite verb (एक मुख्य वाक्य) | He bought a pen. · Being ill, he stayed at home. |
| Compound | दो या अधिक स्वतंत्र वाक्य — and, but, or, so, yet, for से जुड़े | He was ill, so he stayed at home. · He is poor, but he is honest. (छोटा रूप "poor but honest" भी compound माना जाता है) |
| Complex | एक मुख्य + एक या अधिक आश्रित उपवाक्य (subordinate clause) — when, because, if, that, who … | As he was ill, he stayed at home. · I know that he is honest. |
Phrase = शब्दों का समूह, जिसमें finite verb नहीं (in the morning, running fast) · Clause = शब्दों का समूह जिसमें subject + finite verb हो (when he came)।
"Identify the kind: Though he is rich, he is not happy" (Complex) · "He worked hard and passed" (Compound) · "Please shut the door" (Imperative) · "Being tired, he slept" (Simple) · "May you prosper!" (Optative)
Question Tags Question Tags — Rules
मूल नियम: हाँ वाला वाक्य → नकारात्मक tag · नहीं वाला वाक्य → सकारात्मक tag · tag = वही auxiliary + subject का pronoun + ?
He is ill, isn't he? · He isn't ill, is he? · Ram can swim, can't he? · नकार tag में संक्षिप्त रूप (isn't, don't, won't, can't)
He is ill, isn't he? · He isn't ill, is he? · Ram can swim, can't he? · नकार tag में संक्षिप्त रूप (isn't, don't, won't, can't)
| # | नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Auxiliary न हो → do / does / did | He plays well, doesn't he? · She went home, didn't she? · They live here, don't they? |
| 2 | I am → aren't I? · I am not → am I? | I am late, aren't I? (✗ amn't I / ain't I) |
| 3 | नकारात्मक शब्द (never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, rarely, no, nobody, nothing, few, little) → सकारात्मक tag | He never lies, does he? · Few people came, did they? · पर A few people came, didn't they? |
| 4 | Imperative → will you? / won't you? / can you? · नकार imperative → will you? | Open the door, will you? · Don't be late, will you? |
| 5 | Let's (चलो, सुझाव) → shall we? · Let us / Let me (अनुमति दो) → will you? | Let's go for a walk, shall we? · Let me go, will you? (अनुमति) · पेशकश: Let me help you, shall I? |
| 6 | everyone, everybody, someone, nobody, no one → they | Everyone is here, aren't they? · Nobody came, did they? |
| 7 | nothing, everything, something, this, that → it · these, those → they | Nothing happened, did it? · This is your pen, isn't it? · Those are mangoes, aren't they? |
| 8 | There is / are → there | There is a problem, isn't there? |
| 9 | has / have = रखना (main verb) → do / does / did (BrE में hasn't भी) | He has a car, doesn't he? · पर He has gone, hasn't he? (auxiliary) |
| 10 | used to → didn't · had better → hadn't · would rather → wouldn't | He used to smoke, didn't he? · You had better go, hadn't you? · She'd rather stay, wouldn't she? |
| 11 | One → one · must (मजबूरी) → mustn't · must be (अनुमान) → वर्तमान के अनुसार isn't / aren't | One should be honest, shouldn't one? · He must go, mustn't he? · He must be rich, isn't he? |
| 12 | I think / I believe / I suppose + वाक्य → tag आश्रित उपवाक्य से | I think he is right, isn't he? · पर: He thinks you are right, doesn't he? |
"Add a tag: I am your friend, ___?" (aren't I) · "He seldom comes here, ___?" (does he) · "Let's start the work, ___?" (shall we) · "Everybody likes him, ___?" (don't they) · "Don't make a noise, ___?" (will you)
शर्त वाले वाक्य Conditionals — Words & Structures
Conditionals (Types 0–3, were to) — पूरी तालिका अध्याय 8 में: Type 1: If + present, will + V1 · Type 2: If + past (were), would + V1 · Type 3: If + had + V3, would have + V3
Mixed: If I had studied (past), I would be a doctor now (present).
Mixed: If I had studied (past), I would be a doctor now (present).
| शर्त के शब्द | अर्थ | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| unless | if … not (not नहीं जोड़ते) | Unless you hurry, you will miss the bus. |
| provided / providing (that), as long as, on condition that | सिर्फ़ इस शर्त पर | I will lend it provided you return it soon. |
| in case | एहतियात के लिए (शायद हो जाए) — if नहीं | Take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| suppose / supposing | मान लो | Suppose he refuses, what will you do? |
| otherwise / or (else) | नहीं तो | Work hard, otherwise you will fail. |
| but for | अगर … न होता (= if it were not for / had it not been for) | But for your help, I would have failed. |
बदलो / भरो: If you do not work hard, you will fail. → Unless you work hard, you will fail. · If it were not for his help, I would be lost. → But for his help, I would be lost. · Work hard, or you will fail. → If you do not work hard, you will fail. · If I had money, I would buy a car. (Type 2) · If she had come, I would have met her. (Type 3)
✗ Unless you do not study … → ✓ Unless you study … · ✗ If I will get time, I will come. → ✓ If I get time … · ✗ If he would have asked, I would have helped. → ✓ If he had asked …
"Take an umbrella ___ it rains (in case / unless)" (in case) · "___ your help, I could not have succeeded (But for / Because of)" (But for) · "I will go ___ you come with me (provided / unless)" (provided) · "If I had wings, I ___ fly (will / would)" (would) · "Spot the error: Unless you do not hurry, you will be late" (Unless you hurry)
Inversion Inversion — Auxiliary Before Subject
Inversion (auxiliary subject से पहले — प्रश्न जैसा क्रम)
| कब | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| If हटाकर: Had / Were / Should | Had I known, I would have come. (= If I had known) · Were I rich, I would help. · Should you need help, call me. (✗ Had I would known) |
| Negative adverb से शुरू: Never, Seldom, Rarely, Nowhere, At no time, Under no circumstances, In no way | Never have I seen such a sight. · Seldom does he visit us. · Under no circumstances should you open the door. |
| Hardly / Scarcely … when · No sooner … than | Hardly had we started when it rained. · No sooner had he left than she came. |
| Not only … but also · Little · Not until | Not only did he lie, but he also stole. · Little did he know the truth. · Not until he came did I leave. |
| Only then / Only after / Only when | Only then did I realise my mistake. · Only after the exam did he rest. |
| So + adjective / Such | So tired was he that he slept at once. · Such was his anger that we kept quiet. |
| So / Neither / Nor (मैं भी) | I like tea. — So do I. · I can't swim. — Neither / Nor can I. |
| Here / There + verb (noun subject) — pronoun हो तो नहीं | Here comes the bus. · There goes the train. · पर Here he comes. |
Inversion से लिखो: I have never seen such a sight. → Never have I seen such a sight. · He did not know the truth at all. → Little did he know the truth. · If I had known, I would have helped. → Had I known, I would have helped. · He realised his mistake only then. → Only then did he realise his mistake.
"___ I known the truth, I would have told you" (Had) · "Never ___ such a brave boy" (have I seen) · "I don't like coffee. — ___ do I (So / Neither)" (Neither) · "Spot the error: Seldom he goes to the cinema" (does he go) · "Not only ___ the exam, but he also topped" (did he pass)
Clauses और वाक्य-परिवर्तन — 1 Clauses · Simple ⇄ Compound ⇄ Complex
आश्रित उपवाक्य (Clauses)
| Clause | काम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Noun clause | noun का काम — subject / object / complement (that, what, whether, if, wh-) | What he said is true. · I know that he is honest. · Tell me where he lives. |
| Adjective (Relative) clause | पहले वाले noun की विशेषता (who, which, that, whose, where, when) | The boy who won the prize is my brother. · This is the house where I was born. |
| Adverb clause | verb की विशेषता — समय, कारण, शर्त, उद्देश्य, विरोध | I will wait till you come. · He failed because he was lazy. |
Simple ⇄ Compound ⇄ Complex
| भाव | Simple (एक finite verb) | Compound | Complex |
|---|---|---|---|
| कारण | Owing to / Because of his illness, he could not come. · Being ill, he … | He was ill, so he could not come. | As / Because he was ill, he could not come. |
| विरोध | In spite of / Despite his poverty, he is honest. | He is poor, but he is honest. | Though he is poor, he is honest. |
| शर्त | By working hard, you will pass. | Work hard and you will pass. | If you work hard, you will pass. |
| शर्त (नकार) | — | Work hard, or you will fail. | Unless you work hard, you will fail. |
| समय | On seeing the police, the thief ran away. | The thief saw the police and ran away. | As soon as / When the thief saw the police, he ran away. |
| उद्देश्य | He works hard to pass / in order to pass. | He wants to pass, so he works hard. | He works hard so that he may pass. |
| Relative | The man standing there is my uncle. | The man is standing there, and he is my uncle. | The man who is standing there is my uncle. |
"Change into simple: As he was tired, he went to bed" (Being tired, he went to bed) · "Change into complex: Work hard or you will fail — use unless" (Unless you work hard, you will fail) · "Change into compound: Though he is rich, he is unhappy" (He is rich, but he is unhappy) · "Identify the clause: I know where he lives" (Noun clause)
वाक्य-परिवर्तन — 2 Transformation — Negative, Interrogative, Exclamatory
Affirmative ⇄ Negative (अर्थ वही)
| Affirmative | Negative | तरीका |
|---|---|---|
| Only the brave deserve the fair. | None but the brave deserve the fair. | only (व्यक्ति) → none but |
| He drinks only milk. | He drinks nothing but milk. | only (वस्तु) → nothing but |
| He is always late. | He is never on time. | always → never + उल्टा शब्द |
| He is honest. | He is not dishonest. | उल्टा शब्द + not |
| Every mother loves her child. | There is no mother who does not love her child. | every → no … not |
| Ram is as tall as Shyam. | Ram is not shorter than Shyam. | as … as → not less / shorter than |
| He is too proud to beg. | He is so proud that he will not beg. | क्षमता न हो → cannot · इच्छा / स्वभाव → will not |
Assertive ⇄ Interrogative
| Assertive | Interrogative |
|---|---|
| Everyone loves his country. | Who does not love his country? |
| Nobody can do this. | Who can do this? |
| It is useless to cry over spilt milk. | What is the use of crying over spilt milk? |
| He never tells a lie. | Does he ever tell a lie? |
Exclamatory ⇄ Assertive · Imperative ⇄ Assertive
| Exclamatory / Imperative | Assertive |
|---|---|
| What a beautiful flower it is! | It is a very beautiful flower. |
| How foolish he is! | He is very foolish. |
| Alas! He is dead. | It is sad that he is dead. |
| Would that I were young again! | I wish I were young again. |
| Do not tell lies. | You should not tell lies. |
दूसरे परिवर्तन: Degree — अध्याय 5 · Voice — अध्याय 13 · Narration — अध्याय 14 · No sooner … than ⇄ As soon as: No sooner did he see me than he ran away. = As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
"Change into negative: Only God can help us" (None but God can help us) · "Change into assertive: What a fool he is!" (He is a great fool) · "He is too short to reach the shelf — use so … that" (He is so short that he cannot reach the shelf)
शर्त और Question Tags — और नियम Conditionals & Question Tags — More Rules
| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Type 0 — सामान्य सत्य | If you heat ice, it melts. · If it rains, the ground gets wet. |
| were to — बहुत कम संभावना | If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be cancelled. |
| unless (शर्त) vs until / till (समय) | Wait here until I come. (✗ unless I come) · You will fail unless you work hard. |
| as if / as though + were (काल्पनिक) | He talks as if he were a king. · She behaves as though she were the boss. |
Question Tags — और नियम
| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Invitation / offer (सकारात्मक imperative) → won't you? | Have some tea, won't you? · Come in, won't you? |
| Request / order → will you? · can you? · could you? | Shut the door, will you? · Help me, can you? |
| Let's not … → shall we? | Let's not waste time, shall we? |
| Neither of them / None of them → सकारात्मक tag + they | Neither of them came, did they? · None of them knows, do they? |
| Nobody / No one → सकारात्मक tag + they | No one called, did they? |
Tag लगाओ: Have a seat, ___? → won't you · Neither of the boys was present, ___? → were they · Let's not quarrel, ___? → shall we · She never lies, ___? → does she
"Wait here ___ I return (unless / until)" (until) · "He spends money as if he ___ a millionaire (was / were)" (were) · "Have some sweets, ___? (won't you / don't you)" (won't you) · "None of them agreed, ___? (did they / didn't they)" (did they)
वाक्य-परिवर्तन — 3 Transformation — Noun Clauses, Result, Exclamatory
| Simple (noun / phrase) | Complex (noun clause) |
|---|---|
| He admitted his guilt. | He admitted that he was guilty. |
| I know his address. | I know where he lives. |
| His innocence is certain. | It is certain that he is innocent. |
| I want to know the time of his arrival. | I want to know when he will arrive. |
| The cause of his failure is not known. | Why he failed is not known. |
और परिवर्तन
| वाक्य | बदला हुआ | तरीका |
|---|---|---|
| He is too weak to walk. | He is so weak that he cannot walk. | too … to ⇄ so … that … not (क्षमता न हो → cannot: too weak, too short · इच्छा / स्वभाव → will not: too proud, too honest) |
| He is strong enough to lift it. | He is so strong that he can lift it. | enough to ⇄ so … that … can |
| Both Ram and Shyam came. | Not only Ram but also Shyam came. | both … and ⇄ not only … but also |
| Hurrah! We have won. | It is a matter of great joy that we have won. | exclamatory → assertive |
| As soon as he saw me, he ran away. | No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. | as soon as ⇄ no sooner … than |
अभ्यास: 1. Being poor, he could not buy books. (complex) → As he was poor, he could not buy books. · 2. He confessed his crime. (complex) → He confessed that he had committed the crime. · 3. She is too young to marry. (so … that) → She is so young that she cannot marry. · 4. Unless you hurry, you will miss the train. (compound) → Hurry, or you will miss the train.
"Change into complex: Tell me your age" (Tell me how old you are) · "He is too honest to take a bribe — use so … that" (He is so honest that he will not take a bribe) · "Change into simple: I know where he lives" (I know his address)