Chapter 3 · Grammar
लिंग
Gender👨Masculineपुल्लिंग: man, king, lion
👩Feminineस्त्रीलिंग: woman, queen, lioness
🧑Commonदोनों: child, parent, teacher, friend, cousin
📦Neuterनिर्जीव: book, table, pen, house
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lion | lioness | hero | heroine | horse | mare |
| tiger | tigress | widower | widow | bull / ox | cow |
| actor | actress | bridegroom | bride | cock | hen |
| host | hostess | nephew | niece | drake | duck |
| heir | heiress | monk | nun | gander | goose |
| prince | princess | wizard | witch | stag | hind |
| emperor | empress | lad | lass | fox | vixen |
| god | goddess | sir | madam | peacock | peahen |
| duke | duchess | landlord | landlady | dog | bitch |
| master | mistress | milkman | milkmaid | sultan | sultana |
Feminine बनाने के तरीके
| तरीका | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| + ess | lion → lioness · host → hostess · heir → heiress · poet → poetess · count → countess |
| बीच का स्वर हटाकर + ess | actor → actress · tiger → tigress · waiter → waitress · emperor → empress · hunter → huntress |
| बिल्कुल अलग शब्द | father → mother · brother → sister · husband → wife · king → queen · son → daughter · uncle → aunt · gentleman → lady |
| शब्द जोड़कर / बदलकर | he-goat → she-goat · cock-sparrow → hen-sparrow · man-servant → maid-servant · grandfather → grandmother · landlord → landlady |
Personification (साहित्य की परंपरा) — he: Sun, Death, Time, War, Winter, Summer, Anger, Fear, Thunder
she: Moon, Earth, Nature, Spring, Night, Peace, Hope, Mercy, Justice, Liberty, Fortune, ship, देश — India is proud of her soldiers.
छोटा बच्चा / जानवर (लिंग पता न हो) → it: The baby is crying for its mother.
she: Moon, Earth, Nature, Spring, Night, Peace, Hope, Mercy, Justice, Liberty, Fortune, ship, देश — India is proud of her soldiers.
छोटा बच्चा / जानवर (लिंग पता न हो) → it: The baby is crying for its mother.
"Feminine of drake / stag / fox / gander" · "Masculine of mare / hind / duck" · "Which noun is of common gender? (a) king (b) teacher (c) queen (d) table" · "In poetry, Death is referred to as —" (he)
कारक और Possessive Case & Possessive
Case बताता है कि noun/pronoun वाक्य में क्या काम कर रहा है। Noun के 4 case:
Nominative (कर्ता)verb का subject
Ram plays cricket.
Ram plays cricket.
Objective (कर्म)verb या preposition का object
I saw Ram. · Go to Ram.
I saw Ram. · Go to Ram.
Possessive (संबंध)किसका? — 's / s' / of
Ram's book
Ram's book
Vocative (संबोधन)किसी को पुकारना
Ram, come here.
Ram, come here.
| Possessive का नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Singular → 's | the boy's bag · the cat's tail |
| Plural जो s पर ख़त्म हो → सिर्फ़ ' | the boys' hostel · the girls' school |
| Plural जो s पर ख़त्म न हो → 's | children's park · men's shoes · women's rights |
| आम निर्जीव चीज़ें → of (अपवाद अगले पेज पर) | ✗ the table's leg → ✓ the leg of the table · ✓ the roof of the house |
| निर्जीव में अपवाद — समय, दूरी, कुछ मुहावरे | a day's work · a week's holiday · a mile's distance · a stone's throw · at his wit's end · for God's sake |
| साझा मालिक → आख़िरी नाम पर 's | Ram and Shyam's shop (एक दुकान, दोनों की) |
| अलग-अलग मालिक → हर नाम पर 's | Ram's and Shyam's shops (दो अलग दुकानें) |
| Compound noun → आख़िरी शब्द पर 's | my mother-in-law's house · the commander-in-chief's order |
| Double possessive | a friend of my father's (पिता के दोस्तों में से एक) |
's आम तौर पर सजीव (व्यक्ति, जानवर) के साथ। निर्जीव के साथ of — सिवाय समय, दूरी और कुछ मुहावरों के।
its (उसका) में apostrophe नहीं लगता; it's = it is / it has।
its (उसका) में apostrophe नहीं लगता; it's = it is / it has।
✗ The chair's leg is broken. → ✓ The leg of the chair is broken.
✗ This is boys hostel. → ✓ This is the boys' hostel. · ✗ Childrens' park → ✓ Children's park
✗ He took a days leave. → ✓ He took a day's leave. · ✗ My mother's-in-law house → ✓ My mother-in-law's house
✗ The dog wagged it's tail. → ✓ The dog wagged its tail.
✗ This is boys hostel. → ✓ This is the boys' hostel. · ✗ Childrens' park → ✓ Children's park
✗ He took a days leave. → ✓ He took a day's leave. · ✗ My mother's-in-law house → ✓ My mother-in-law's house
✗ The dog wagged it's tail. → ✓ The dog wagged its tail.
"Choose the correct possessive: The ___ (girls) school" · "Spot the error: the table's leg / Childrens' books / a weeks holiday" · "Ram and Shyam's shop means —" (एक साझा दुकान) · "Which is correct: its / it's?" · "In The teacher praised Rita, 'Rita' is in which case?" (Objective)
लिंग और Possessive — और नियम More Gender Pairs & Possessive Rules
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bachelor | spinster / maid | ram | ewe | headmaster | headmistress |
| lord | lady | boar | sow | steward | stewardess |
| Mr | Mrs | buck | doe | patron | patroness |
| czar | czarina | colt | filly | giant | giantess |
| raja | rani | tutor | governess | shepherd | shepherdess |
| testator | testatrix | executor | executrix | enchanter | enchantress |
| priest | priestess | abbot | abbess | sorcerer | sorceress |
♀️ और Feminine suffix-ine: hero → heroine · -a: sultan → sultana, czar → czarina · -trix: testator → testatrix, executor → executrix · -ette: usher → usherette
-man → -woman: policeman → policewoman · chairman → chairwoman · fisherman → fisherwoman
-man → -woman: policeman → policewoman · chairman → chairwoman · fisherman → fisherwoman
Possessive — और नियम
| नियम | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| देश, शहर, संस्था, संगठन → 's चलता है | India's economy · Delhi's weather · the government's decision · the company's policy |
| सजीव जैसी / खास निर्जीव चीज़ें → 's | the sun's rays · the earth's surface · the ship's crew · the nation's pride |
| for ___ sake — s की आवाज़ पर सिर्फ़ ' | for goodness' sake · for conscience' sake · पर: for God's sake, for heaven's sake |
| s पर ख़त्म नाम → 's या ' · पुराने/classical नाम → सिर्फ़ ' | James's / James' · Moses' laws · Socrates' teachings |
| Group possessive — पूरे समूह के अंत में 's | the King of England's crown · my brother-in-law's car |
| Gerund से पहले possessive रूप | I don't like his coming late. · Excuse my interrupting. · I object to Ram's going. |
| Noun छुपा हो (दुकान/घर) | I went to the chemist's (shop). · We stayed at my uncle's (house). |
| Double possessive में pronoun का possessive रूप | this book of mine (✗ of me) · a friend of yours · a cousin of Ram's |
"Feminine of bachelor / ram / colt / testator / tutor" · "Masculine of ewe / sow / doe / filly" · "Choose: I don't mind (him / his) coming" · "Correct: for goodness' sake / for goodness's sake" · "a friend of (me / mine)"