Chapter 14 · Grammar
कथन — Reporting verb और Tense
Direct & Indirect Speech — Tense ChangesDirect Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन) = वक्ता के ठीक वही शब्द, inverted commas में: He said, "I am ill." · Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) = बात अपने शब्दों में: He said that he was ill.
Reporting verb = said, told, asked … (inverted commas के बाहर) · Reported speech = inverted commas के अंदर के शब्द।
नियम 1: Reporting verb present / future में (says, will say) → reported speech का tense नहीं बदलता: He says, "I am ill." → He says that he is ill.
नियम 2: Reporting verb past में (said) → reported speech का tense एक कदम पीछे (नीचे तालिका)।
नियम 1: Reporting verb present / future में (says, will say) → reported speech का tense नहीं बदलता: He says, "I am ill." → He says that he is ill.
नियम 2: Reporting verb past में (said) → reported speech का tense एक कदम पीछे (नीचे तालिका)।
| Direct (अंदर का tense) | Indirect | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present (V1 / V5) | Simple Past (V2) | "I write." → He said that he wrote. |
| Present Continuous (is / am / are + ing) | Past Continuous (was / were + ing) | "I am writing." → He said that he was writing. |
| Present Perfect (has / have + V3) | Past Perfect (had + V3) | "I have written." → He said that he had written. |
| Present Perfect Cont. | Past Perfect Cont. | "I have been writing." → … he had been writing. |
| Simple Past (V2) | Past Perfect (had + V3) | "I wrote." → He said that he had written. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Cont. | "I was writing." → … he had been writing. |
| Past Perfect / Past Perfect Cont. | नहीं बदलता | "I had written." → … he had written. |
| will · shall · can · may · must | would · should · could · might · had to (साधारण भविष्य में I / we → he: "I shall go" → he would go · must: अनुमान / स्थायी नियम में must ही) | "I will come." → He said that he would come. · "I can swim." → … he could swim. |
| would, could, might, should, ought to, used to | नहीं बदलते | "You should rest." → He said that I should rest. |
अपवाद — tense नहीं बदलता (reporting verb past होने पर भी): सार्वभौमिक सत्य (The teacher said that the sun rises in the east) · आदत / कहावत (He said that honesty is the best policy) · ऐतिहासिक तथ्य (He said that Akbar was a great king — past perfect नहीं)
"Change into indirect: He said, "I am reading a book."" (He said that he was reading a book) · "She said, "I have finished my work."" (… that she had finished her work) · "The teacher said, "The earth is round."" (… that the earth is round)
Pronoun और समय / स्थान शब्द Narration — Pronoun, Time & Place Words
Pronoun बदलना — SON नियम
| Reported speech का pronoun | किसके अनुसार बदले | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person (I, we, me, my, our) | Subject — reporting verb के कर्ता के अनुसार | He said, "I am ill." → He said that he was ill. · She said, "My pen is lost." → She said that her pen was lost. |
| 2nd person (you, your) | Object — reporting verb के object (सुनने वाले) के अनुसार | He said to me, "You are late." → He told me that I was late. · He said to her, "You …" → … she … |
| 3rd person (he, she, it, they) | No change — नहीं बदलता | She said, "He is honest." → She said that he was honest. |
समय और स्थान के शब्द (नज़दीकी → दूरी)
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| now | then | today | that day |
| tonight | that night | yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | last night | the previous night |
| next week | the following week | last week | the previous week / the week before |
| ago | before | this / these | that / those |
| here | there | thus | so |
| come | go (जब "यहाँ आना" का अर्थ बदल जाए) | hence | thence |
Reporting verb बदलना: said (बिना object) → said · said to + व्यक्ति → told + व्यक्ति · ✗ He said me that … → ✓ He told me that … · ✗ He told that … → ✓ He said that … / He told me that …
Statement में conjunction that लगता है; inverted commas और comma हट जाते हैं।
Statement में conjunction that लगता है; inverted commas और comma हट जाते हैं।
He said to me, "I will meet you here tomorrow."
→ He told me that he would meet me there the next day.
She said, "I bought this book yesterday." → She said that she had bought that book the previous day.
→ He told me that he would meet me there the next day.
She said, "I bought this book yesterday." → She said that she had bought that book the previous day.
"Change into indirect: He said to me, "You are my best friend."" (He told me that I was his best friend) · "She said, "I will go to Delhi tomorrow."" (… that she would go to Delhi the next day) · "Indirect form of yesterday / ago / here" (the previous day / before / there) · "Spot the error: He said me that he was ill" (told me)
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Narration — Interrogative Sentences
प्रश्न के नियम: 1. said / said to → asked / enquired / wanted to know · 2. that नहीं लगता · 3. प्रश्न का रूप हटाकर कथन का क्रम (subject + verb) · 4. प्रश्नचिह्न (?) हटाकर full stop · 5. do / does / did हटते हैं (tense बदलकर)
| प्रकार | जोड़ने वाला शब्द | Direct → Indirect |
|---|---|---|
| Yes / No प्रश्न (helping verb से शुरू) | if / whether | He said to me, "Are you ill?" → He asked me if I was ill. She said to me, "Do you like tea?" → She asked me whether I liked tea. He said to me, "Have you seen my pen?" → He asked me if I had seen his pen. |
| Wh- प्रश्न (who, what, where, when, why, how) | वही wh-शब्द | He said to me, "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived. She said to me, "Why are you late?" → She asked me why I was late. He said to her, "What did you buy?" → He asked her what she had bought. |
| Who (subject) वाला प्रश्न | who + verb (क्रम वही) | He said, "Who is there?" → He asked who was there. |
| Will you / Would you (विनम्र निवेदन) | requested + to | He said to me, "Will you help me?" → He requested me to help him. |
| Shall I / Shall we (सुझाव / अनुमति) | asked + if he should · suggested | He said, "Shall I open the window?" → He asked if he should open the window. |
✗ He asked me where did I live. → ✓ … where I lived · ✗ He asked me that if I was ill. → ✓ He asked me if I was ill. · ✗ She asked me what was my name. → ✓ … what my name was. · ✗ He asked whether I was ill? → ✓ … ill.
उत्तर Yes / No: He said to me, "Are you a student?" I said, "Yes." → He asked me if I was a student. I replied in the affirmative / I replied that I was. · "No" → replied in the negative.
"Change into indirect: He said to me, "Where are you going?"" (He asked me where I was going) · "She said to him, "Do you know swimming?"" (She asked him if he knew swimming) · "He said, "Who has broken the glass?"" (He asked who had broken the glass) · "Spot the error: She asked me what was I doing" (what I was doing)
आज्ञा, अनुरोध, इच्छा Narration — Imperative, Optative
आज्ञा / अनुरोध / सलाह (Imperative)
said / said to → भाव के अनुसार ordered, commanded (आदेश) · requested, begged (please, kindly) · advised (सलाह) · told (सामान्य) · forbade (मनाही) + व्यक्ति + to + V1 · नकार: not to + V1 · that नहीं
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| The teacher said to the boy, "Sit down." | The teacher ordered the boy to sit down. |
| He said to me, "Please lend me your pen." | He requested me to lend him my pen. |
| The doctor said to him, "Take rest." | The doctor advised him to take rest. |
| She said to me, "Don't go out." | She told me not to go out. · She forbade me to go out. |
| He said to us, "Let's go for a walk." | He suggested / proposed to us that we should go for a walk. |
| The officer said to the guard, "Let him go." | The officer ordered the guard to let him go. |
| He said, "Let me go." (अनुरोध) | He requested that he might be allowed to go. |
इच्छा / आशीर्वाद / अभिवादन (Optative & others)
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| The old man said to me, "May you live long!" | The old man blessed me / prayed that I might live long. |
| She said, "May God help the poor!" | She prayed that God might help the poor. |
| He said to me, "Good morning." | He wished me good morning. |
| He said to me, "Thank you." | He thanked me. |
| He said to me, "Good-bye." / "Good night." | He bade me good-bye / good night. |
| He said, "Friends, listen to me." | Addressing them as friends, he asked them to listen to him. |
| He said, "Sir, I am sorry." | He respectfully told his teacher / master that he was sorry. |
"Change into indirect: The officer said to the soldiers, "Fire!"" (The officer ordered the soldiers to fire) · "He said to me, "Please help me."" (He requested me to help him) · "She said to me, "May you be happy!"" (She prayed that I might be happy) · "He said to me, "Don't make a noise." — use told" (He told me not to make a noise)
विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य Narration — Exclamatory Sentences
विस्मयादिबोधक (Exclamatory)
said → exclaimed + भाव (with joy, with sorrow, with wonder / surprise) + that · Interjection (Alas, Hurrah, Oh, Wow) हटता है · What / How + adjective → very + adjective (कथन का क्रम)
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, "Hurrah! We have won." | He exclaimed with joy that they had won. |
| She said, "Alas! I am ruined." | She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined. |
| He said, "What a beautiful scene it is!" | He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful scene. |
| She said to me, "How clever you are!" | She exclaimed that I was very clever. |
| He said, "Bravo! Well done, my boy." | He applauded his boy, saying that he had done well. |
| Interjection / शब्द | Indirect में |
|---|---|
| Hurrah! · Wow! · Bravo! | exclaimed with joy · applauded |
| Alas! · Ah! | exclaimed with sorrow / grief |
| Oh! · What! · How …! | exclaimed with surprise / wonder |
| Fie! · Pooh! | exclaimed with contempt / disgust |
| Yes / No (उत्तर में) | replied in the affirmative / negative |
बदलो: She said, "What a lovely garden!" → She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very lovely garden. · He said, "Alas! I have lost my purse." → He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his purse. · The boys said, "Hurrah! Tomorrow is a holiday." → The boys exclaimed with joy that the next day was a holiday.
"She said, "Alas! My son is dead."" (She exclaimed with sorrow that her son was dead) · "He said, "How beautiful the Taj is!"" (He exclaimed with wonder that the Taj was very beautiful) · "They said, "Hurrah! We have won."" (… exclaimed with joy that they had won)
मिले-जुले वाक्य और अभ्यास Narration — Mixed Sentences · Indirect → Direct · Practice
| स्थिति | Direct → Indirect |
|---|---|
| दो तरह के वाक्य — हर हिस्से का अपना reporting verb, and added that / and asked से जोड़ो | He said to me, "I am tired. Can you help me?" → He told me that he was tired and asked me if I could help him. |
| दो statements | She said, "I am ill. I cannot come." → She said that she was ill and added that she could not come. |
| Must — मजबूरी (past) → had to · स्थायी नियम / अनुमान → must | He said, "I must go now." → He said that he had to go then. · He said, "All men must die." → … all men must die. |
| Unreal past (if I were, I wish, it's time) — tense नहीं बदलता | He said, "I wish I were rich." → He said that he wished he were rich. |
| Reporting verb present — सिर्फ़ pronoun बदलें | She says, "I like tea." → She says that she likes tea. |
Indirect → Direct (उल्टा): reporting verb को said / said to करो · inverted commas लगाओ · tense एक कदम आगे (past → present) · pronoun वक्ता के अनुसार (I / you) · that / if / whether हटाओ · प्रश्न हो तो प्रश्न का रूप और ?
He asked me if I was ready. → He said to me, "Are you ready?"
He asked me if I was ready. → He said to me, "Are you ready?"
Narration बदलो:
1. He said, "I am going to school." → He said that he was going to school.
2. She said to me, "I met your brother yesterday." → She told me that she had met my brother the previous day.
3. The teacher said to us, "Water boils at 100 °C." → The teacher told us that water boils at 100 °C.
4. He said to her, "When will you return?" → He asked her when she would return.
5. Mother said to me, "Don't play in the sun." → Mother told me not to play in the sun. / Mother forbade me to play in the sun.
6. They said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." → They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
7. He said to me, "Can you lend me your book?" → He asked me if I could lend him my book.
8. She said to me, "May you succeed!" → She prayed that I might succeed.
1. He said, "I am going to school." → He said that he was going to school.
2. She said to me, "I met your brother yesterday." → She told me that she had met my brother the previous day.
3. The teacher said to us, "Water boils at 100 °C." → The teacher told us that water boils at 100 °C.
4. He said to her, "When will you return?" → He asked her when she would return.
5. Mother said to me, "Don't play in the sun." → Mother told me not to play in the sun. / Mother forbade me to play in the sun.
6. They said, "Hurrah! We have won the match." → They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
7. He said to me, "Can you lend me your book?" → He asked me if I could lend him my book.
8. She said to me, "May you succeed!" → She prayed that I might succeed.
"Choose the correct indirect form: He said to me, "I have done my homework."" (He told me that he had done his homework) · "Change into direct: She asked me whether I liked music" (She said to me, "Do you like music?") · "He said, "I must leave now."" (He said that he had to leave then) · "Spot the error: He asked me where was I going" (where I was going)