Chapter 21 · Vocabulary
अलंकार — 1
Figures of Speech — 1Figure of speech (अलंकार) = भाषा को सुंदर / प्रभावशाली बनाने के लिए शब्दों का सामान्य से हटकर प्रयोग। परीक्षा में: "Identify the figure of speech in …"
| अलंकार | पहचान | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Simile (उपमा) | दो अलग चीज़ों की तुलना like / as से | He is as brave as a lion. · She sings like a nightingale. |
| Metaphor (रूपक) | तुलना बिना like / as — एक को दूसरा ही कह देना | He is a lion in battle. · Life is a journey. |
| Personification (मानवीकरण) | निर्जीव / भाव को मनुष्य जैसे गुण | The wind whispered. · Death knocked at the door. |
| Apostrophe (संबोधन) | अनुपस्थित व्यक्ति / निर्जीव को सीधे संबोधित करना | O Death, where is thy sting? · Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are! |
| Alliteration (अनुप्रास) | पास-पास शब्दों में एक ही व्यंजन-ध्वनि से शुरुआत | Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. · big black bear |
| Onomatopoeia (ध्वन्यात्मकता) | शब्द की आवाज़ ही अर्थ बताए | The bees buzz. · The snake hissed. · Bang! · tick-tock · cuckoo |
| Hyperbole (अतिशयोक्ति) | बात को बहुत बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर कहना | I have told you a million times. · I am so hungry I could eat a horse. |
| Oxymoron (विरोधाभासी शब्द-युग्म) | दो उल्टे शब्द साथ-साथ | sweet sorrow · deafening silence · open secret · bitter-sweet · living death |
Simile या Metaphor? वाक्य में like / as हो → Simile (as brave as a lion) · न हो, सीधे कह दिया → Metaphor (He is a lion)। Personification में निर्जीव मनुष्य जैसा काम करे (smile, whisper, dance)।
"The stars danced in the sky (Simile / Personification / Metaphor / Hyperbole)" (Personification) · "She is as busy as a bee (Metaphor / Simile / Pun / Irony)" (Simile) · "Sweet sorrow (Oxymoron / Alliteration / Simile / Climax)" (Oxymoron) · "The leaves rustled — sound word (Onomatopoeia / Hyperbole)" (Onomatopoeia)
अलंकार — 2 Figures of Speech — 2
| अलंकार | पहचान | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Antithesis (विरोध) | उल्टे विचार संतुलित वाक्य में आमने-सामने | Man proposes, God disposes. · To err is human, to forgive divine. |
| Paradox (विरोधाभास) | ऊपर से उल्टी / असंभव लगे, पर गहरा सच | The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) · More haste, less speed. |
| Irony (व्यंग्य) | कहे शब्दों का उल्टा अर्थ | "What a lovely day!" (तूफ़ान में कहना) · "Very clever of you!" (गलती पर) |
| Pun (श्लेष) | एक शब्द के दो अर्थ से खेल | An ambassador is an honest man, sent to lie abroad for the good of his country. (lie = रहना / झूठ बोलना — Henry Wotton) |
| Euphemism (मृदु कथन) | कठोर / अप्रिय बात को नरम शब्दों में | He passed away (= died). · He is differently abled. |
| Metonymy | किसी चीज़ की जगह उससे जुड़ी चीज़ का नाम | The pen is mightier than the sword. (pen = लेखन, sword = हिंसा / युद्ध) · The Crown (= राजा) |
| Synecdoche | हिस्से से पूरा या पूरे से हिस्सा | All hands on deck. (hands = लोग) · She has many mouths to feed. |
| Transferred Epithet | विशेषण किसी व्यक्ति का, पर चीज़ पर लगा दिया | He passed a sleepless night. (रात नहीं, वह सो नहीं सका) · a restless pillow · the condemned cell |
Oxymoron, Paradox, Antithesis में अंतर: Oxymoron = दो उल्टे शब्द साथ (cruel kindness) · Paradox = पूरा कथन उल्टा लगे पर सच हो (The child is father of the man) · Antithesis = उल्टे विचार संतुलित ढाँचे में (Man proposes, God disposes)।
"Man proposes, God disposes (Antithesis / Simile / Pun / Personification)" (Antithesis) · "The pen is mightier than the sword (Metonymy / Simile / Hyperbole / Irony)" (Metonymy) · "He passed a sleepless night (Transferred Epithet / Oxymoron / Metaphor / Pun)" (Transferred Epithet) · "The child is father of the man (Paradox / Simile / Climax / Apostrophe)" (Paradox)
अलंकार — 3 और अभ्यास Figures of Speech — 3 · Practice
| अलंकार | पहचान | ✓ उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Litotes | उल्टे का नकार करके बात कहना (कम करके कहना) | He is not a bad player. (= अच्छा खिलाड़ी) · It is no small achievement. |
| Climax (आरोह) | विचार बढ़ते क्रम में | I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar) · Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Bacon) |
| Anticlimax / Bathos (अवरोह) | ऊँचे से अचानक मामूली बात पर उतरना | He lost his family, his fortune and his pen. |
| Rhetorical question / Interrogation (प्रश्नालंकार) | प्रश्न जिसका उत्तर नहीं चाहिए, बात पर ज़ोर | Who does not love his country? (= सब प्यार करते हैं) |
| Exclamation | तेज़ भाव — विस्मय | What a piece of work is a man! (Shakespeare, Hamlet) |
| Repetition | ज़ोर के लिए शब्द की दोहराहट | Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink. (Coleridge) |
| Anaphora | लगातार वाक्यांशों की शुरुआत में एक ही शब्द | We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds … (Churchill) |
| Epigram (सूक्ति) | छोटा, चुटीला कथन — गहरी बात | Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (Pope) · The child is father of the man. |
| Assonance | पास-पास शब्दों में एक ही स्वर-ध्वनि | Hear the mellow wedding bells. · How now brown cow |
अलंकार पहचानो:
1. Life is a dream. → Metaphor · 2. He is as cunning as a fox. → Simile · 3. The sun smiled at us. → Personification · 4. O Wind, take me with you! → Apostrophe · 5. Sally sells sea shells. → Alliteration · 6. The clock went tick-tock. → Onomatopoeia · 7. I have a ton of homework. → Hyperbole · 8. a wise fool → Oxymoron · 9. Can anyone stop time? → Rhetorical question · 10. He is not unkind. → Litotes
1. Life is a dream. → Metaphor · 2. He is as cunning as a fox. → Simile · 3. The sun smiled at us. → Personification · 4. O Wind, take me with you! → Apostrophe · 5. Sally sells sea shells. → Alliteration · 6. The clock went tick-tock. → Onomatopoeia · 7. I have a ton of homework. → Hyperbole · 8. a wise fool → Oxymoron · 9. Can anyone stop time? → Rhetorical question · 10. He is not unkind. → Litotes
"Who can count the stars? (Rhetorical question / Simile / Pun / Litotes)" (Rhetorical question) · "He is no fool (Litotes / Hyperbole / Irony / Metaphor)" (Litotes) · "I came, I saw, I conquered (Climax / Anticlimax / Simile / Pun)" (Climax)